Ch 16 Endocrine System Flashcards
Released into the bloodstream and target specific cells
hormones
List your endocrine glands.
pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pineal, thymus
Which structures secrete hormones?
pancreas, gonads, hypothalamus
What is another term for the pituitary gland?
hypophysis
Called the master gland; mainly in charge of growth, stimulation of other gland
pituitary gland
What are the two parts of the pituitary gland?
- anterior (adenohypophysis)
2. posterior (neurohypophysis)
Which part of the pituitary gland acts as a holding tank for hormones produced by the hypothalamus
posterior pituitary gland or neurohypophysis
Secretes three hormones that affect metabolism, growth, physical/mental activity
thyroid gland
Hormone that decreases blood calcium level
calcitonin
Hormone that cts in direct opposition to calcitonin; increases blood calcium level
parathyroid hormone
Small glands embedded in the posterior thyroid
parathyroid glands
Also called the suprarenal glands; secretes cortisol
adrenal glands
Gland that regulates metabolism, water levels and reacts to stress
adrenal glands
What are the two parts of the adrenal glands?
cortex
medulla
Hormone that raises blood pressure
norepinephrine (noradrenaline)
What is another name for pancreas?
islets of Langerhans
Gland that regulates blood sugar
pancreas
The pancreas secretes which two hormones?
- insulin
2. glucagon
Hormone that lowers blood glucose by causing body cells to use glucose
insulin
Hormone that increases blood glucose by stimulating the liver to release glucose into the bloodstream
glucagon
Gland that secretes melatonin
pineal gland
Hormone that regulates mood and other biorhythms
melatonin
Hormone that regulates the development and function of the immune system
thymosin
endocrin/o
endocrine glands or system
pituitar
pituitary gland, hypophysis
hypophys
pituitary gland, hypophysis
thyr/o, thyroid/o
thyroid gland
parathyr/o, parathyroid/o
parathyroid gland
adren/o, adrenal/o
adrenal gland, epinephrine
adrenocortic/o
adrenal cortex
insul/o
pancreatic islets
Consists of a widely distributed group of glands that secretes regulatory substances
called hormones
the endocrine system
Because hormones are released directly into the blood, the endocrine glands are known as the _____ glands
ductless
T or F. Despite the fact that hormones in the blood reach all parts of the body, only certain tissues respond
True
The tissue that is influenced by a specific hormone is called the _____
target tissue
The cells that make up this tissue have specific _____ on their membranes to which the hormone attaches, enabling it to act on the cells.
receptors
Produced in extremely small amounts and are highly potent
hormones
What do hormones affect by means of their actions on various target tissues?
Behavior
Growth
Metabolism
Reproductive Activity
Chemically, hormones fall into which two categories?
- steroid hormones
2. amino acid hormones
Hormones made from lipids
steroid hormones
Hormones made from amino acids include ___ and ___
proteins and proteinlike compounds
Steroids are produced by the ___ glands and the ___ region of the adrenal glands
sex glands (gonads) and the cortex region
The production of hormones is controlled mainly by _____
negative feedback
the hormone itself, or some product of hormone activity, acts as a control over further manufacture of the hormone—a self-regulating
system
negative feedback
The hypophysis is a small gland beneath the brain. What is the common name for it?
pituitary gland
How is the pituitary gland divided?
- anterior lobe (adenohypophysis)
2. posterior lobe (neurohypophysis)
The anterior and posterior lobe of the pituitary gland are connected to and controlled by the ____
hypothalamus
The anterior pituitary releases _ hormones
6.
The posterior pituitary releases _ hormones.
2.
anterior pituitary hormones are released in response to substances that are sent to the anterior pituitary from the hypothalamus and can be identified by the ending ____
-tropin, -tropic
The posterior pituitary hormones are actually ____ in the hypothalamus
produced
The posterior pituitary hormones are ___ there until nervous signals arrive from the hypothalamus to trigger their release
stored
Consists of two lobes on either side of the larynx and upper trachea
thyroid gland
List the 6 hormones released by the anterior pituitary gland.
- growth hormone (somatotropin)
- thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
- adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
- follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
- luteinizing hormone (LH)
- prolacting (PRL)
List the 2 hormones released by the posterior pituitary gland.
- antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
2. oxytocin
List the 3 main hormones released by the thyroid gland.
- thyroxine (T4)
- triiodothyronine (T3)
- calcitonin
T or F. Thyroid hormones contain iodine.
True
Iodine levels can be measured and the activity of the thyroid gland can be studied by
following the ____ of iodine
uptake
Most thyroid hormone in the blood is bound to protein, mainly _____
thyroid binding globulin (TBG)
Located atop each kidney, are divided into two distinct regions
adrenal glands
How are the adrenal glands divided?
- an outer cortex
2. an inner medulla
The hormones produced by the adrenal gland are involved in the body’s response to ____
stress
The adrenal cortex of the adrenal gland produces _ hormones
3
The adrenal medulla of the adrenal gland produces _ hormones
2
The endocrine portions of the pancreas are the ___, small clusters of cells within the pancreatic tissue
pancreatic islet
The islet cells produce _ hormones
2
What are the 4 main endocrine glands?
- pituitary
- thyroid/parathyroid
- adrenals
- pancreas
List other endocrine tissues and organs.
- thymus
- gonads
- stomach/kidney/heart/small intestine
Anterior pituitary hormone 1: promotes growth of all body tissues; stimulates the growth of bones and acts on other tissues too
GH: growth hormone or somatotropin
Anterior pituitary hormone 2: stimulates thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones
TSH: thyroid- stimulating hormone
Anterior pituitary hormone 3: stimulates adrenal cortex to produce cortical hormones; aids in protecting body in stress situations
ACTH: adrenocorticotropic hormone
What organs do anterior pituitary hormones act on?
bones
reproduction
adrenal cortex
thyroid
lactation
BRAT L
Anterior pituitary hormone 4: stimulates growth and hormone activity of ovarian follicles; stimulates growth of testes; promotes development of sperm cells
FSH: follicle-stimulating hormone
Anterior pituitary hormone 5: causes development of corpus luteum at site of ruptured ovarian follicle in female; stimulates secretion of testosterone in male
LH: luteinizing hormone or ICSH in males: interstitial cell-stimulating hormone
Anterior pituitary hormone 6: stimulates secretion of milk by mammary glands
PRL: prolactin
Posterior pituitary hormone 1: promotes reabsorption of water in kidney tubules; stimulates smooth muscle tissue of blood vessels to constrict
ADH: antidiuretic hormone; vasopressin
Posterior pituitary hormone 2: causes contraction of uterus; causes ejection of milk from mammary glands
oxytocin
Thyroid hormone 1: increases metabolic rate and production of body heat, influencing both physical and mental activities
thyroxine T4
Thyroid hormone 2: required for normal growth
triiodothyronine T3
Thyroid hormone 3: decreases calcium level in blood
calcitonin
Parathyroid hormone 1: regulates exchange of calcium between blood and bones; increases calcium level in blood
parathyroid hormone
Adrenal medulla hormone 1 and 2: active in response to stress; increases respiration, blood pressure, and heart rate; work with the nervous system to help
the body meet challenges
- epinephrine (adrenaline)
2. norepinephrine (noradrenaline)
Adrenal cortex hormone 1: mobilizes reserves of fats and carbs to increase the levels of nutrients in the blood; aids in metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats; active during stress; reduces inflammation
cortisol (hydrocortisone)
Adrenal cortex hormone 2: acts on the kidneys to conserve sodium and water while eliminating potassium; aids in regulating electrolytes and water balance
aldosterone
Adrenal cortex hormone 3: may influence secondary sexual characteristics; produces mainly testosterone
sex hormones
Pancreatic islets hormone 1: aids transport of glucose into cells; required for cellular metabolism of foods, especially glucose; decreases blood sugar levels; increases cellular use of glucose
insulin
Pancreatic islets hormone 2: stimulates liver to release glucose, thereby increasing blood sugar levels
glucagon
Ovarian hormone 1: stimulate growth of primary sexual organs and development of secondary sexual characteristics
estrogens
Ovarian hormone 2: stimulates development of secretory parts of mammary glands; prepares uterine lining for implantation of fertilized ovum; aids in maintaining pregnancy
progesterone
Thymus hormone 1: important in development of T cells needed for immunity and in early development of lymphoid tissue
thymosin
Posterior pituitary hormone that acts on the kidneys to conserve water and also promotes constriction of blood vessels, both of which serve to increase blood pressure
ADH
Four to six of these exist on the posterior surface of the thyroid and affect calcium metabolism
parathyroid glands
Parathyroid hormone works with the thyroid hormone ___ which lowers blood calcium to regulate calcium balance
thyrocalcitonin
Group of hormones produced by many cells. They have a variety of effects, including stimulation of uterine contractions, promotion of the inflammatory response, and vasomotor activities
prostaglandins
Pertaining to a ductless gland that secretes directly into the blood
endocrine
A secretion of an endocrine gland. A substance that travels in the blood
and has a regulatory effect on tissues, organs, or glands.
hormone
The pituitary gland (root hypophys); named from hypo meaning “below” and physis meaning “growing” because the gland grows below the hypothalamus
hypophysis or pituitary gland
A portion of the brain that controls the pituitary gland and is active in maintaining homeostasis
hypothalamus
Clusters of endocrine cells in the pancreas that secrete hormones that regulate sugar metabolism; also called islets of Langerhans or islet cells
pancreatic islets
The ____ lobe secretes growth hormone and hormones that stimulate other glands; the ____ lobe releases ADH and oxytocin manufactured in the hypothalamus
anterior; posterior
A group of hormones produced throughout the body that have a variety of effects, including stimulation of uterine contractions and regulation of blood pressure, blood clotting, and inflammation
prostaglandins
A site on the cell membrane to which a substance, such as a hormone, attaches
receptor
A hormone made from lipids and including the sex hormones and the hormones of the adrenal cortex
steroid hormone
hypersecretion of insulin is associated with this disorder
hypoglycemia
hyposecretion of insulin is associated with this disorder
diabetes melitus
Endocrine diseases usually result from the _____ or
____ of hormones
overproduction (hypersecretion); underproduction (hyposecretion)
Endocrine diseases may also result from secretion at the wrong time or from failure of the ______ to respond.
target tissue
Bulging of the eyeballs caused by swelling of the tissues behind the eyes
exophthalmos
Overactivity of the ____ can aid in the development of kidney stones from high levels of circulating calcium
parathyroid gland
What is the most common endocrine disorder?
diabetes mellitus
Failure of the body cells to use glucose effectivey
diabetes mellitus
IDDM
insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (Type 1); juvenile onset
CSII
continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion
NIDDM
non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (Type 2); adult onset
Type 2 diabetes accounts for __ of diabetes cases
90%
A disease resulting from deficiency of adrenocortical hormones. It is marked by darkening of the skin, weakness, and alterations in salt and
water balance
addison disease
Overgrowth of bone and soft tissue, especially in the hands, feet, and face, caused by excess GH in an adult
acromegaly
A disorder caused by insufficient release of ADH from the posterior pituitary. It results in excessive thirst and production of large amounts of very dilute urine. The word insipidus means “tasteless,” referring to the
dilution of the urine.
diabetes insipidus
A disorder of glucose metabolism caused by deficiency of insulin production or failure of the tissues to respond to insulin. The word mellitus comes from the Latin root for honey, referring to the sugar content of the urine
diabetes mellitus
A condition resulting from an overdose of insulin, causing hypoglycemia
insulin shock
A state of hyperglycemia caused by cellular resistance to insulin, as seen in type 2 diabetes, in association with other metabolic disorders; syndrome X or insulin resistance syndrome
metabolic syndrome
Irritability and spasms of muscles; may be caused by low blood calcium and other factors
tetany
Underactivity of the entire pituitary gland
panhypopituitarism
small gland in brain that seems to regulate behavior and sexual development in response to environmental light
pineal gland
A saddle-shaped depression in the sphenoid bone that contains the pituitary gland
sella turcica
A bone at the base of the skull that houses the pituitary gland
spenoid bone
MEN
multiple endocrine neoplasia
FTI, T7
free thyroxine index
Calculation based on the amount of T4 present and T3 uptake that is used to diagnose thyroid dysfunction
FTI, T7
RAIU
radioactive iodine uptake
RIA
radioimmunoassay
BS
blood sugar
FPG
fasting plasma glucoe
GDM
gestational diabetes mellitus
HbA1c
Hemoglobin A1c
131I
iodine 131
IFG
impaired fasting blood glucose
IGT
impaired glucose intolerance
NPH
neutral protamine hagedorn (insulin)
SIADH
syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (secretion)
Another word for thyroxine
tetraiodothyronine
