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Z. ANPH > Ch 16 Endocrine System > Flashcards

Ch 16 Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

Released into the bloodstream and target specific cells

A

hormones

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2
Q

List your endocrine glands.

A

pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pineal, thymus

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3
Q

Which structures secrete hormones?

A

pancreas, gonads, hypothalamus

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4
Q

What is another term for the pituitary gland?

A

hypophysis

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5
Q

Called the master gland; mainly in charge of growth, stimulation of other gland

A

pituitary gland

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6
Q

What are the two parts of the pituitary gland?

A
  1. anterior (adenohypophysis)

2. posterior (neurohypophysis)

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7
Q

Which part of the pituitary gland acts as a holding tank for hormones produced by the hypothalamus

A

posterior pituitary gland or neurohypophysis

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8
Q

Secretes three hormones that affect metabolism, growth, physical/mental activity

A

thyroid gland

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9
Q

Hormone that decreases blood calcium level

A

calcitonin

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10
Q

Hormone that cts in direct opposition to calcitonin; increases blood calcium level

A

parathyroid hormone

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11
Q

Small glands embedded in the posterior thyroid

A

parathyroid glands

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12
Q

Also called the suprarenal glands; secretes cortisol

A

adrenal glands

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13
Q

Gland that regulates metabolism, water levels and reacts to stress

A

adrenal glands

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14
Q

What are the two parts of the adrenal glands?

A

cortex

medulla

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15
Q

Hormone that raises blood pressure

A

norepinephrine (noradrenaline)

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16
Q

What is another name for pancreas?

A

islets of Langerhans

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17
Q

Gland that regulates blood sugar

A

pancreas

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18
Q

The pancreas secretes which two hormones?

A
  1. insulin

2. glucagon

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19
Q

Hormone that lowers blood glucose by causing body cells to use glucose

A

insulin

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20
Q

Hormone that increases blood glucose by stimulating the liver to release glucose into the bloodstream

A

glucagon

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21
Q

Gland that secretes melatonin

A

pineal gland

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22
Q

Hormone that regulates mood and other biorhythms

A

melatonin

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23
Q

Hormone that regulates the development and function of the immune system

A

thymosin

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24
Q

endocrin/o

A

endocrine glands or system

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25
Q

pituitar

A

pituitary gland, hypophysis

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26
Q

hypophys

A

pituitary gland, hypophysis

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27
Q

thyr/o, thyroid/o

A

thyroid gland

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28
Q

parathyr/o, parathyroid/o

A

parathyroid gland

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29
Q

adren/o, adrenal/o

A

adrenal gland, epinephrine

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30
Q

adrenocortic/o

A

adrenal cortex

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31
Q

insul/o

A

pancreatic islets

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32
Q

Consists of a widely distributed group of glands that secretes regulatory substances
called hormones

A

the endocrine system

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33
Q

Because hormones are released directly into the blood, the endocrine glands are known as the _____ glands

A

ductless

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34
Q

T or F. Despite the fact that hormones in the blood reach all parts of the body, only certain tissues respond

A

True

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35
Q

The tissue that is influenced by a specific hormone is called the _____

A

target tissue

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36
Q

The cells that make up this tissue have specific _____ on their membranes to which the hormone attaches, enabling it to act on the cells.

A

receptors

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37
Q

Produced in extremely small amounts and are highly potent

A

hormones

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38
Q

What do hormones affect by means of their actions on various target tissues?

A

Behavior
Growth
Metabolism
Reproductive Activity

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39
Q

Chemically, hormones fall into which two categories?

A
  1. steroid hormones

2. amino acid hormones

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40
Q

Hormones made from lipids

A

steroid hormones

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41
Q

Hormones made from amino acids include ___ and ___

A

proteins and proteinlike compounds

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42
Q

Steroids are produced by the ___ glands and the ___ region of the adrenal glands

A

sex glands (gonads) and the cortex region

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43
Q

The production of hormones is controlled mainly by _____

A

negative feedback

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44
Q

the hormone itself, or some product of hormone activity, acts as a control over further manufacture of the hormone—a self-regulating
system

A

negative feedback

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45
Q

The hypophysis is a small gland beneath the brain. What is the common name for it?

A

pituitary gland

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46
Q

How is the pituitary gland divided?

A
  1. anterior lobe (adenohypophysis)

2. posterior lobe (neurohypophysis)

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47
Q

The anterior and posterior lobe of the pituitary gland are connected to and controlled by the ____

A

hypothalamus

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48
Q

The anterior pituitary releases _ hormones

A

6.

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49
Q

The posterior pituitary releases _ hormones.

A

2.

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50
Q

anterior pituitary hormones are released in response to substances that are sent to the anterior pituitary from the hypothalamus and can be identified by the ending ____

A

-tropin, -tropic

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51
Q

The posterior pituitary hormones are actually ____ in the hypothalamus

A

produced

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52
Q

The posterior pituitary hormones are ___ there until nervous signals arrive from the hypothalamus to trigger their release

A

stored

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53
Q

Consists of two lobes on either side of the larynx and upper trachea

A

thyroid gland

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54
Q

List the 6 hormones released by the anterior pituitary gland.

A
  1. growth hormone (somatotropin)
  2. thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
  3. adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
  4. follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
  5. luteinizing hormone (LH)
  6. prolacting (PRL)
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55
Q

List the 2 hormones released by the posterior pituitary gland.

A
  1. antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

2. oxytocin

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56
Q

List the 3 main hormones released by the thyroid gland.

A
  1. thyroxine (T4)
  2. triiodothyronine (T3)
  3. calcitonin
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57
Q

T or F. Thyroid hormones contain iodine.

A

True

58
Q

Iodine levels can be measured and the activity of the thyroid gland can be studied by
following the ____ of iodine

A

uptake

59
Q

Most thyroid hormone in the blood is bound to protein, mainly _____

A

thyroid binding globulin (TBG)

60
Q

Located atop each kidney, are divided into two distinct regions

A

adrenal glands

61
Q

How are the adrenal glands divided?

A
  1. an outer cortex

2. an inner medulla

62
Q

The hormones produced by the adrenal gland are involved in the body’s response to ____

A

stress

63
Q

The adrenal cortex of the adrenal gland produces _ hormones

A

3

64
Q

The adrenal medulla of the adrenal gland produces _ hormones

A

2

65
Q

The endocrine portions of the pancreas are the ___, small clusters of cells within the pancreatic tissue

A

pancreatic islet

66
Q

The islet cells produce _ hormones

A

2

67
Q

What are the 4 main endocrine glands?

A
  1. pituitary
  2. thyroid/parathyroid
  3. adrenals
  4. pancreas
68
Q

List other endocrine tissues and organs.

A
  1. thymus
  2. gonads
  3. stomach/kidney/heart/small intestine
69
Q

Anterior pituitary hormone 1: promotes growth of all body tissues; stimulates the growth of bones and acts on other tissues too

A

GH: growth hormone or somatotropin

70
Q

Anterior pituitary hormone 2: stimulates thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones

A

TSH: thyroid- stimulating hormone

71
Q

Anterior pituitary hormone 3: stimulates adrenal cortex to produce cortical hormones; aids in protecting body in stress situations

A

ACTH: adrenocorticotropic hormone

72
Q

What organs do anterior pituitary hormones act on?

A

bones
reproduction
adrenal cortex
thyroid

lactation
BRAT L

73
Q

Anterior pituitary hormone 4: stimulates growth and hormone activity of ovarian follicles; stimulates growth of testes; promotes development of sperm cells

A

FSH: follicle-stimulating hormone

74
Q

Anterior pituitary hormone 5: causes development of corpus luteum at site of ruptured ovarian follicle in female; stimulates secretion of testosterone in male

A

LH: luteinizing hormone or ICSH in males: interstitial cell-stimulating hormone

75
Q

Anterior pituitary hormone 6: stimulates secretion of milk by mammary glands

A

PRL: prolactin

76
Q

Posterior pituitary hormone 1: promotes reabsorption of water in kidney tubules; stimulates smooth muscle tissue of blood vessels to constrict

A

ADH: antidiuretic hormone; vasopressin

77
Q

Posterior pituitary hormone 2: causes contraction of uterus; causes ejection of milk from mammary glands

A

oxytocin

78
Q

Thyroid hormone 1: increases metabolic rate and production of body heat, influencing both physical and mental activities

A

thyroxine T4

79
Q

Thyroid hormone 2: required for normal growth

A

triiodothyronine T3

80
Q

Thyroid hormone 3: decreases calcium level in blood

A

calcitonin

81
Q

Parathyroid hormone 1: regulates exchange of calcium between blood and bones; increases calcium level in blood

A

parathyroid hormone

82
Q

Adrenal medulla hormone 1 and 2: active in response to stress; increases respiration, blood pressure, and heart rate; work with the nervous system to help
the body meet challenges

A
  1. epinephrine (adrenaline)

2. norepinephrine (noradrenaline)

83
Q

Adrenal cortex hormone 1: mobilizes reserves of fats and carbs to increase the levels of nutrients in the blood; aids in metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats; active during stress; reduces inflammation

A

cortisol (hydrocortisone)

84
Q

Adrenal cortex hormone 2: acts on the kidneys to conserve sodium and water while eliminating potassium; aids in regulating electrolytes and water balance

A

aldosterone

85
Q

Adrenal cortex hormone 3: may influence secondary sexual characteristics; produces mainly testosterone

A

sex hormones

86
Q

Pancreatic islets hormone 1: aids transport of glucose into cells; required for cellular metabolism of foods, especially glucose; decreases blood sugar levels; increases cellular use of glucose

A

insulin

87
Q

Pancreatic islets hormone 2: stimulates liver to release glucose, thereby increasing blood sugar levels

A

glucagon

88
Q

Ovarian hormone 1: stimulate growth of primary sexual organs and development of secondary sexual characteristics

A

estrogens

89
Q

Ovarian hormone 2: stimulates development of secretory parts of mammary glands; prepares uterine lining for implantation of fertilized ovum; aids in maintaining pregnancy

A

progesterone

90
Q

Thymus hormone 1: important in development of T cells needed for immunity and in early development of lymphoid tissue

A

thymosin

91
Q

Posterior pituitary hormone that acts on the kidneys to conserve water and also promotes constriction of blood vessels, both of which serve to increase blood pressure

A

ADH

92
Q

Four to six of these exist on the posterior surface of the thyroid and affect calcium metabolism

A

parathyroid glands

93
Q

Parathyroid hormone works with the thyroid hormone ___ which lowers blood calcium to regulate calcium balance

A

thyrocalcitonin

94
Q

Group of hormones produced by many cells. They have a variety of effects, including stimulation of uterine contractions, promotion of the inflammatory response, and vasomotor activities

A

prostaglandins

95
Q

Pertaining to a ductless gland that secretes directly into the blood

A

endocrine

96
Q

A secretion of an endocrine gland. A substance that travels in the blood
and has a regulatory effect on tissues, organs, or glands.

A

hormone

97
Q

The pituitary gland (root hypophys); named from hypo meaning “below” and physis meaning “growing” because the gland grows below the hypothalamus

A

hypophysis or pituitary gland

98
Q

A portion of the brain that controls the pituitary gland and is active in maintaining homeostasis

A

hypothalamus

99
Q

Clusters of endocrine cells in the pancreas that secrete hormones that regulate sugar metabolism; also called islets of Langerhans or islet cells

A

pancreatic islets

100
Q

The ____ lobe secretes growth hormone and hormones that stimulate other glands; the ____ lobe releases ADH and oxytocin manufactured in the hypothalamus

A

anterior; posterior

101
Q

A group of hormones produced throughout the body that have a variety of effects, including stimulation of uterine contractions and regulation of blood pressure, blood clotting, and inflammation

A

prostaglandins

102
Q

A site on the cell membrane to which a substance, such as a hormone, attaches

A

receptor

103
Q

A hormone made from lipids and including the sex hormones and the hormones of the adrenal cortex

A

steroid hormone

104
Q

hypersecretion of insulin is associated with this disorder

A

hypoglycemia

105
Q

hyposecretion of insulin is associated with this disorder

A

diabetes melitus

106
Q

Endocrine diseases usually result from the _____ or

____ of hormones

A

overproduction (hypersecretion); underproduction (hyposecretion)

107
Q

Endocrine diseases may also result from secretion at the wrong time or from failure of the ______ to respond.

A

target tissue

108
Q

Bulging of the eyeballs caused by swelling of the tissues behind the eyes

A

exophthalmos

109
Q

Overactivity of the ____ can aid in the development of kidney stones from high levels of circulating calcium

A

parathyroid gland

110
Q

What is the most common endocrine disorder?

A

diabetes mellitus

111
Q

Failure of the body cells to use glucose effectivey

A

diabetes mellitus

112
Q

IDDM

A

insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (Type 1); juvenile onset

113
Q

CSII

A

continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion

114
Q

NIDDM

A

non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (Type 2); adult onset

115
Q

Type 2 diabetes accounts for __ of diabetes cases

A

90%

116
Q

A disease resulting from deficiency of adrenocortical hormones. It is marked by darkening of the skin, weakness, and alterations in salt and
water balance

A

addison disease

117
Q

Overgrowth of bone and soft tissue, especially in the hands, feet, and face, caused by excess GH in an adult

A

acromegaly

118
Q

A disorder caused by insufficient release of ADH from the posterior pituitary. It results in excessive thirst and production of large amounts of very dilute urine. The word insipidus means “tasteless,” referring to the
dilution of the urine.

A

diabetes insipidus

119
Q

A disorder of glucose metabolism caused by deficiency of insulin production or failure of the tissues to respond to insulin. The word mellitus comes from the Latin root for honey, referring to the sugar content of the urine

A

diabetes mellitus

120
Q

A condition resulting from an overdose of insulin, causing hypoglycemia

A

insulin shock

121
Q

A state of hyperglycemia caused by cellular resistance to insulin, as seen in type 2 diabetes, in association with other metabolic disorders; syndrome X or insulin resistance syndrome

A

metabolic syndrome

122
Q

Irritability and spasms of muscles; may be caused by low blood calcium and other factors

A

tetany

123
Q

Underactivity of the entire pituitary gland

A

panhypopituitarism

124
Q

small gland in brain that seems to regulate behavior and sexual development in response to environmental light

A

pineal gland

125
Q

A saddle-shaped depression in the sphenoid bone that contains the pituitary gland

A

sella turcica

126
Q

A bone at the base of the skull that houses the pituitary gland

A

spenoid bone

127
Q

MEN

A

multiple endocrine neoplasia

128
Q

FTI, T7

A

free thyroxine index

129
Q

Calculation based on the amount of T4 present and T3 uptake that is used to diagnose thyroid dysfunction

A

FTI, T7

130
Q

RAIU

A

radioactive iodine uptake

131
Q

RIA

A

radioimmunoassay

132
Q

BS

A

blood sugar

133
Q

FPG

A

fasting plasma glucoe

134
Q

GDM

A

gestational diabetes mellitus

135
Q

HbA1c

A

Hemoglobin A1c

136
Q

131I

A

iodine 131

137
Q

IFG

A

impaired fasting blood glucose

138
Q

IGT

A

impaired glucose intolerance

139
Q

NPH

A

neutral protamine hagedorn (insulin)

140
Q

SIADH

A

syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (secretion)

141
Q

Another word for thyroxine

A

tetraiodothyronine

Z. ANPH (18 decks)

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