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Z. ANPH > Ch 17 The Nervous System > Flashcards

Ch 17 The Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

The ___ system and the endocrine system coordinate and control the body; regulate our responses to the environment and maintain homeostasis

A

nervous

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2
Q

While the endocrine system functions by hormones, the nervous system functions by ____

A

electric impulses

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3
Q

How is the nervous system divided?

A
  1. central nervous system (CNS)

2. peripheral nervous system (PNS)

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4
Q

Consists of the brain and spinal cord

A

CNS

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5
Q

Consists of all nervous tissue outside the brain and spinal cord

A

PNS

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6
Q

What is another way the nervous system can be divided?

A
  1. somatic nervous system

2. autonomic (or visceral) nervous system

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7
Q

Controls skeletal muscles

A

somatic nervous system

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8
Q

Controls smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands

A

autonomic or visceral nervous system

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9
Q

Regulates responses to stress and helps to maintain homeostasis.

A

ANS

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10
Q

What are the two types of cells found in the nervous system?

A
  1. neuron

2. neuroglia

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11
Q

Nerve cells that make up the conducting tissue of the nervous system.

A

neurons

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12
Q

The connective tissue cells of the nervous system that support and protect nervous tissue

A

neuroglia

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13
Q

the basic functional unit of the nervous system

A

neurons

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14
Q

Each neuron has two types of fibers extending from the cell body: the _____, which carries impulses toward the cell body, and the ____, which carries impulses away from the cell body

A

dendrite, axon

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15
Q

Some axons are covered with ____, a whitish, fatty material that insulates and protects the axon and
speeds electric conduction; these axons are described as _____

A

myelin, myelinated

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16
Q

Myelinated axons make up the _____ of the nervous system

A

white matter

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17
Q

Unmyelinated tissue makes up the ______ of the nervous system

A

grey matter

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18
Q

Each neuron is part of a ____ system that carries information through the nervous system

A

relay

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19
Q

A neuron that transmits impulses toward the CNS is a _____ neuron

A

sensory

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20
Q

A neuron that transmits impulses away from the CNS

is a _____ neuron

A

motor

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21
Q

The point of contact between two nerve cells is the ____ where energy is passed from one cell to another by means of a _____

A

synapse, chemical neurotransmitter

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22
Q

Which cranial nerves have the sensory function of taste?

A

facial, glossopharyngeal, vagus

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23
Q

smell SF, no MF

A

I olfactory

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24
Q

vision SF, no MF

A

II optic

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25
Q

no SF, eye movement MF (3)

A

III oculomotor, IV trochlear and VI abducens

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26
Q

facial sensation SF, chewing MF

A

V trigeminal

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27
Q

taste SF, facial expression MF

A

VII facial

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28
Q

hearing and balance SF, hair in cochlea MF

A

VIII vestibulocochlear

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29
Q

taste SF, swallowing MF

A

IX glossopharyngeal

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30
Q

taste SF, internal organ MF

A

X vagus

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31
Q

no SF, head/neck movement MF

A

XI spinal accessory

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32
Q

no sf, tongue movement MF

A

XII hypoglossal

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33
Q

Individual neuron fibers are held together in bundles like wires in a cable. If this bundle is part of the PNS,
it is called a ____

A

nerve

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34
Q

A collection of cell bodies along the pathway of a nerve is a —–

A

ganglion

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35
Q

A few nerves (sensory nerves) contain only sensory neurons, and a few (motor nerves) contain only motor neurons, but most contain both types of fibers and are described as ——

A

mixed nerves

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36
Q

The largest part of the brain

A

cerebrum

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37
Q

Composed largely of white matter with a thin

outer layer of gray matter

A

cerebrum

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38
Q

Outer layer of gray matter

A

cerebral cortex

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39
Q

It is within the cortex that the higher brain functions of —-, ——-, and —— occur

A

memory, reasoning and abstract thought

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40
Q

The cerebrum is divided into two hemispheres by a deep groove, the ——

A

longitudinal fissure

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41
Q

Each —— is further divided into lobes with specialized functions.

A

hemisphere

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42
Q

The diencephalon contains the —–, —- and —–

A
  1. thalamus
  2. hypothalamus
  3. pituitary gland
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43
Q

Receives sensory information and directs it to the proper portion of the cortex

A

thalamus

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44
Q

Controls the pituitary and forms a link between the endocrine and nervous systems

A

hypothalamus

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45
Q

The brainstem consists of the —–, —–, and —–

A

midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

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46
Q

Contains reflex centers for improved vision and hearing

A

midbrain

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47
Q

Forms a bulge on the anterior surface of the brainstem and contains fibers that connect different regions of the brain

A

pons

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48
Q

Connects the brain with the spinal cord; all impulses passing to and from the brain travel through this region; has vital centers for control of heart rate, respiration, and blood pressure

A

medulla

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49
Q

under the cerebrum and dorsal to the pons and medulla; also divided into two hemispheres

A

cerebellum

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50
Q

Controls voluntary muscle movements and to maintain

posture, coordination, and balance.

A

cerebellum

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51
Q

Within the brain are —- ventricles (cavities) in which —– (CSF) is produced

A

four, cerebrospinal fluid

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52
Q

CSF circulates around the brain and spinal cord, acting as a ____ for these tissues.

A

protective cushion

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53
Q

Covering the brain and the spinal cord are three protective layers, together called the _____.

A

meninges

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54
Q

The outermost and toughest of the three meninges is the

_____

A

dura mater.

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55
Q

The middle layer is the _____.

A

arachnoid

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56
Q

The thin, vascular inner layer, attached directly to the tissue of the brain and spinal cord, is the _____.

A

pia mater

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57
Q

Cranial nerve that carries impulses for the sense of smell

A

I olfactory

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58
Q

Cranial nerve: carries impulses for the sense of vision

A

II optic

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59
Q

Cranial nerve: controls movement of eye muscles

A

III oculomotor

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60
Q

Cranial nerves: controls muscle of the eyeball

A

IV trochlear, VI abducens

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61
Q

Cranial nerves: carries sensory impulses from the face; controls chewing musclesop

A

V trigeminal

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62
Q

Cranial nerve: controls muscles of facial expression, salivary glands, and tear
glands; conducts some impulses for taste

A

VII facial

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63
Q

Cranial nerve: conducts impulses for hearing and equilibrium; also called auditory
or acoustic nerve

A

VIII vestibulocochlear

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64
Q

Cranial nerve: conducts sensory impulses from tongue and pharynx; stimulates parotid salivary gland and partly controls swallowing

A

IX glossopharyngeal

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65
Q

Cranial nerve: supplies most organs of thorax and abdomen; controls digestive secretionsp

A

X vagus

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66
Q

Cranial nerve: controls muscles of the neck

A

XI spinal accessory

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67
Q

Cranial nerve: controls muscles of the tongue

A

XII hypoglossal

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68
Q

Extends from the medulla oblongata to between the first and second lumbar vertebrae; central gray matter surrounded by white matter

A

spinal cord

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69
Q

The gray matter of the spinal cord projects toward the back and the front as the ___ and ___

A

dorsal and ventral horns

70
Q

The white matter contains the ____ and ____ that carry impulses to and from the brain.

A

ascending and descending tracts (fiber

bundles)

71
Q

__ pairs of spinal nerves connect with the spinal cord

A

31

72
Q 
Spinal nerves are grouped in the segments of the cord: 
• Cervical: 
• Thoracic: 
• Lumbar: 
• Sacral: 
• Coccygeal:
A
  • Cervical: 8
  • Thoracic: 12
  • Lumbar: 5
  • Sacral: 5
  • Coccygeal: 1
73
Q

Each nerve joins the cord by ____.

A

two roots

74
Q

The ____ root carries sensory impulses into the cord; the ____ root carries motor impulses away from the cord and out toward a muscle or gland.

A

dorsal or posterior, ventral or anterior root

75
Q

A simple response that requires few neurons

A

reflex

76
Q

T or F. In a spinal reflex, impulses travel through the spinal cord only and do not reach the brain.

A

True

77
Q

T or F. Most neurologic responses involve complex interactions among multiple neurons in the CNS

A

True

78
Q

____ is the division of the nervous system that controls the involuntary actions of muscles and glands

A

The autonomic nervous system (ANS)

79
Q

The ANS itself has two divisions: the ____ nervous system and the ____ nervous system

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic

80
Q

The _____ nervous system motivates our response to stress, the so-called “fight-or-flight” response; increases heart rate and respiration rate, stimulates the adrenal
gland, and delivers more blood to skeletal muscles.

A

sympathetic nervous system

81
Q

The ____ system returns the body to a steady

state and stimulates maintenance activities, such as digestion of food.

A

parasympathetic

82
Q

T or F. Most organs are controlled by both para- and sympathetic symptems and, in general, the two systems have the same effects on a given organ

A

F. opposite effect

83
Q

What does the brain consist of?

A
  1. cerebrum
  2. diencephalon
  3. brainstem
  4. cerebellum
84
Q

The brain is a nervous tissue contained within the ____

A

cranium

85
Q

CSF

A

cerebrospinal fluid

86
Q

The watery fluid that circulates in and around the brain and spinal cord as a protection

A

CSF

87
Q

The twelve pairs of nerves that are connected to the brain

A

cranial nerves

88
Q

The part of the brain that contains the thalamus, hypothalamus, and
pituitary gland; located between the cerebrum and the brainstem

A

diencephalon

89
Q

The large upper portion of the brain; it is divided into two hemispheres by the longitudinal fissure

A

cerbrum

90
Q

The part of the brain that consists of the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata

A

brainstem

91
Q

The posterior portion of the brain dorsal to the pons and medulla; helps to coordinate movement and to maintain balance and posture

A

cerebellum

92
Q

The portion of the brain that connects with the spinal cord. It has vital centers for control of respiration, heart rate, and blood pressure

A

medulla oblongata

93
Q

The part of the brainstem between the diencephalon and the pons; contains centers for coordination of reflexes for vision and hearing

A

midbrain

94
Q

Producing movement; describes neurons that carry impulses away from the CNS

A

motor

95
Q

Also called glial cells

A

neuroglia

96
Q

A chemical that transmits energy across a synapse

A

neurotransmitter

97
Q

A rounded area on the ventral surface of the brainstem; contains fibers that connect regions of the brain; the adjective is pontine

A

pons

98
Q

A branch of a spinal nerve that connects with the spinal cord

A

root

99
Q

Describing neurons that carry impulses toward the CNS

A

sensory

100
Q

The nervous tissue contained within the spinal column; extends from the medulla oblongata to the second lumbar vertebra

A

spinal cord

101
Q

The 31 pairs of nerves that connect with the spinal cord

A

spinal nerves

102
Q

A bundle of nerve cell fibers within the CNS

A

tract

103
Q

A bundle of nerve cell fibers outside the CNS

A

nerve

104
Q

A collection of nerve cell bodies outside the CNS

A

ganglion

105
Q

neur/o, neur/i

A

nervous system, nervous tissue, nerve

106
Q

gli/o

A

neuroglia

107
Q

gangli/o, ganglion/o

A

ganglion

108
Q

mening/o, meninge/o

A

meninges

109
Q

myel/o

A

spinal cord; bone marrow

110
Q

radicul/o

A

root of a spinal nerve

111
Q

encephal/o

A

brain

112
Q

cerebr/o

A

cerebrum; loosely: brain

113
Q

cortic/o

A

cerebral cortex; outer portion

114
Q

cerebell/o

A

cerebellum

115
Q

thalam/o

A

thalamus

116
Q

ventricul/o

A

cavity, ventricle

117
Q

medull/o

A

medulla oblongata; spinal cord

118
Q

psych/o

A

mind

119
Q

narc/o

A

stupor, unconsciousness

120
Q

somn/o, somn/i

A

sleep

121
Q

-phasia

A

speech

122
Q

-lalia

A

speech; babble

123
Q

-lexia

A

reading

124
Q

-plegia

A

paralysis

125
Q

-paresis

A

partial paralysis

126
Q

-lepsy

A

seizure

127
Q

-phobia

A

persistent, irrational fear

128
Q

-mania

A

excited state, obsession

129
Q

CVA

A

cerebrovascular accident; stroke

130
Q

Formation of a blood clot in a vessel

A

thrombosis

131
Q

Sudden blockage by an obstruction travelling from another part of the body

A

embolism

132
Q

localized dilation of a vessel that may rupture and cause hemorrhage

A

aneurysm

133
Q

loss or impairment of speech communication

A

aphasia

134
Q

paralysis of one side

of the body

A

hemiplegia

135
Q

Almost all tumors that originate in the nervous system are tumors of nonconducting support cells, the ____

A

neuroglia

136
Q

EEG

A

electroencephalography

137
Q

A drug that acts on the mental state

A

psychotropic drug

138
Q

Psychotropic drugs include antianxiety drugs or ___, and antipsychotic drugs called ____

A

anxiolytic; neuroleptics

139
Q

Damage to the brain on the side opposite the point of a blow as a result of the brain’s hitting the skull

A

contrecoup injury

140
Q

Partial paralysis or weakness of one side of the body

A

hemiparesis

141
Q

A chronic, progressive disease involving loss of myelin in the CNS

A

multiple sclerosis

142
Q

A disorder originating in the basal ganglia

A

parkinson disease

143
Q

Surgical removal of the lining of the carotid artery, the large artery in
the neck that supplies blood to the brain

A

carotid endarterectomy

144
Q

Amplification, recording, and interpretation of the electric activity of the brainpower

A

EEG

145
Q

Puncture of the subarachnoid space in the lumbar region of the spinal cord; spinal tap; done to remove spinal fluid for diagnosis or to inject anesthesia

A

lumbar puncture

146
Q

ADHD

A

attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

147
Q

Four masses of gray matter in the cerebrum and upper brainstem that are involved in movement and coordination

A

basal ganglia

148
Q

ACh

A

acetylcholine

149
Q

AD

A

alzheimer disease

150
Q

ALS

A

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

151
Q

BAEP

A

brainstem auditory evoked potentials

152
Q

CBF

A

cerebral blood flow

153
Q

CP

A

cerebrospinal fluid

154
Q

CVD

A

cerebrovascular disease

155
Q

DTR

A

deep tendon reflexes

156
Q

GAD

A

generalized anxiety disorder

157
Q

ICP

A

intracranial pressure

158
Q

LMN

A

lower motor neuron

159
Q

LOC

A

level of consciousness

160
Q

MID

A

multi-infarct dementia

161
Q

NICU

A

neurological intensive care unit

162
Q

NPH

A

normal pressure hydrocephalus

163
Q

NREM

A

non rapid eye movement (sleep)

164
Q

RAS

A

reticular activating system

165
Q

REM

A

rapid eye movement (sleep)

166
Q

SSEP

A

somatosensory evoked potentials

167
Q

SSRI

A

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor

168
Q

TIA

A

transient ischemic attack

169
Q

UMN

A

upper motor neuron

170
Q

VEP

A

visual evoked potentials

Z. ANPH (18 decks)

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