Ch 17 The Nervous System Flashcards
The ___ system and the endocrine system coordinate and control the body; regulate our responses to the environment and maintain homeostasis
nervous
While the endocrine system functions by hormones, the nervous system functions by ____
electric impulses
How is the nervous system divided?
- central nervous system (CNS)
2. peripheral nervous system (PNS)
Consists of the brain and spinal cord
CNS
Consists of all nervous tissue outside the brain and spinal cord
PNS
What is another way the nervous system can be divided?
- somatic nervous system
2. autonomic (or visceral) nervous system
Controls skeletal muscles
somatic nervous system
Controls smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands
autonomic or visceral nervous system
Regulates responses to stress and helps to maintain homeostasis.
ANS
What are the two types of cells found in the nervous system?
- neuron
2. neuroglia
Nerve cells that make up the conducting tissue of the nervous system.
neurons
The connective tissue cells of the nervous system that support and protect nervous tissue
neuroglia
the basic functional unit of the nervous system
neurons
Each neuron has two types of fibers extending from the cell body: the _____, which carries impulses toward the cell body, and the ____, which carries impulses away from the cell body
dendrite, axon
Some axons are covered with ____, a whitish, fatty material that insulates and protects the axon and
speeds electric conduction; these axons are described as _____
myelin, myelinated
Myelinated axons make up the _____ of the nervous system
white matter
Unmyelinated tissue makes up the ______ of the nervous system
grey matter
Each neuron is part of a ____ system that carries information through the nervous system
relay
A neuron that transmits impulses toward the CNS is a _____ neuron
sensory
A neuron that transmits impulses away from the CNS
is a _____ neuron
motor
The point of contact between two nerve cells is the ____ where energy is passed from one cell to another by means of a _____
synapse, chemical neurotransmitter
Which cranial nerves have the sensory function of taste?
facial, glossopharyngeal, vagus
smell SF, no MF
I olfactory
vision SF, no MF
II optic
no SF, eye movement MF (3)
III oculomotor, IV trochlear and VI abducens
facial sensation SF, chewing MF
V trigeminal
taste SF, facial expression MF
VII facial
hearing and balance SF, hair in cochlea MF
VIII vestibulocochlear
taste SF, swallowing MF
IX glossopharyngeal
taste SF, internal organ MF
X vagus
no SF, head/neck movement MF
XI spinal accessory
no sf, tongue movement MF
XII hypoglossal
Individual neuron fibers are held together in bundles like wires in a cable. If this bundle is part of the PNS,
it is called a ____
nerve
A collection of cell bodies along the pathway of a nerve is a —–
ganglion
A few nerves (sensory nerves) contain only sensory neurons, and a few (motor nerves) contain only motor neurons, but most contain both types of fibers and are described as ——
mixed nerves
The largest part of the brain
cerebrum
Composed largely of white matter with a thin
outer layer of gray matter
cerebrum
Outer layer of gray matter
cerebral cortex
It is within the cortex that the higher brain functions of —-, ——-, and —— occur
memory, reasoning and abstract thought
The cerebrum is divided into two hemispheres by a deep groove, the ——
longitudinal fissure
Each —— is further divided into lobes with specialized functions.
hemisphere
The diencephalon contains the —–, —- and —–
- thalamus
- hypothalamus
- pituitary gland
Receives sensory information and directs it to the proper portion of the cortex
thalamus
Controls the pituitary and forms a link between the endocrine and nervous systems
hypothalamus
The brainstem consists of the —–, —–, and —–
midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata
Contains reflex centers for improved vision and hearing
midbrain
Forms a bulge on the anterior surface of the brainstem and contains fibers that connect different regions of the brain
pons
Connects the brain with the spinal cord; all impulses passing to and from the brain travel through this region; has vital centers for control of heart rate, respiration, and blood pressure
medulla
under the cerebrum and dorsal to the pons and medulla; also divided into two hemispheres
cerebellum
Controls voluntary muscle movements and to maintain
posture, coordination, and balance.
cerebellum
Within the brain are —- ventricles (cavities) in which —– (CSF) is produced
four, cerebrospinal fluid
CSF circulates around the brain and spinal cord, acting as a ____ for these tissues.
protective cushion
Covering the brain and the spinal cord are three protective layers, together called the _____.
meninges
The outermost and toughest of the three meninges is the
_____
dura mater.
The middle layer is the _____.
arachnoid
The thin, vascular inner layer, attached directly to the tissue of the brain and spinal cord, is the _____.
pia mater
Cranial nerve that carries impulses for the sense of smell
I olfactory
Cranial nerve: carries impulses for the sense of vision
II optic
Cranial nerve: controls movement of eye muscles
III oculomotor
Cranial nerves: controls muscle of the eyeball
IV trochlear, VI abducens
Cranial nerves: carries sensory impulses from the face; controls chewing musclesop
V trigeminal
Cranial nerve: controls muscles of facial expression, salivary glands, and tear
glands; conducts some impulses for taste
VII facial
Cranial nerve: conducts impulses for hearing and equilibrium; also called auditory
or acoustic nerve
VIII vestibulocochlear
Cranial nerve: conducts sensory impulses from tongue and pharynx; stimulates parotid salivary gland and partly controls swallowing
IX glossopharyngeal
Cranial nerve: supplies most organs of thorax and abdomen; controls digestive secretionsp
X vagus
Cranial nerve: controls muscles of the neck
XI spinal accessory
Cranial nerve: controls muscles of the tongue
XII hypoglossal
Extends from the medulla oblongata to between the first and second lumbar vertebrae; central gray matter surrounded by white matter
spinal cord
The gray matter of the spinal cord projects toward the back and the front as the ___ and ___
dorsal and ventral horns
The white matter contains the ____ and ____ that carry impulses to and from the brain.
ascending and descending tracts (fiber
bundles)
__ pairs of spinal nerves connect with the spinal cord
31
Spinal nerves are grouped in the segments of the cord: • Cervical: • Thoracic: • Lumbar: • Sacral: • Coccygeal:
- Cervical: 8
- Thoracic: 12
- Lumbar: 5
- Sacral: 5
- Coccygeal: 1
Each nerve joins the cord by ____.
two roots
The ____ root carries sensory impulses into the cord; the ____ root carries motor impulses away from the cord and out toward a muscle or gland.
dorsal or posterior, ventral or anterior root
A simple response that requires few neurons
reflex
T or F. In a spinal reflex, impulses travel through the spinal cord only and do not reach the brain.
True
T or F. Most neurologic responses involve complex interactions among multiple neurons in the CNS
True
____ is the division of the nervous system that controls the involuntary actions of muscles and glands
The autonomic nervous system (ANS)
The ANS itself has two divisions: the ____ nervous system and the ____ nervous system
sympathetic and parasympathetic
The _____ nervous system motivates our response to stress, the so-called “fight-or-flight” response; increases heart rate and respiration rate, stimulates the adrenal
gland, and delivers more blood to skeletal muscles.
sympathetic nervous system
The ____ system returns the body to a steady
state and stimulates maintenance activities, such as digestion of food.
parasympathetic
T or F. Most organs are controlled by both para- and sympathetic symptems and, in general, the two systems have the same effects on a given organ
F. opposite effect
What does the brain consist of?
- cerebrum
- diencephalon
- brainstem
- cerebellum
The brain is a nervous tissue contained within the ____
cranium
CSF
cerebrospinal fluid
The watery fluid that circulates in and around the brain and spinal cord as a protection
CSF
The twelve pairs of nerves that are connected to the brain
cranial nerves
The part of the brain that contains the thalamus, hypothalamus, and
pituitary gland; located between the cerebrum and the brainstem
diencephalon
The large upper portion of the brain; it is divided into two hemispheres by the longitudinal fissure
cerbrum
The part of the brain that consists of the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata
brainstem
The posterior portion of the brain dorsal to the pons and medulla; helps to coordinate movement and to maintain balance and posture
cerebellum
The portion of the brain that connects with the spinal cord. It has vital centers for control of respiration, heart rate, and blood pressure
medulla oblongata
The part of the brainstem between the diencephalon and the pons; contains centers for coordination of reflexes for vision and hearing
midbrain
Producing movement; describes neurons that carry impulses away from the CNS
motor
Also called glial cells
neuroglia
A chemical that transmits energy across a synapse
neurotransmitter
A rounded area on the ventral surface of the brainstem; contains fibers that connect regions of the brain; the adjective is pontine
pons
A branch of a spinal nerve that connects with the spinal cord
root
Describing neurons that carry impulses toward the CNS
sensory
The nervous tissue contained within the spinal column; extends from the medulla oblongata to the second lumbar vertebra
spinal cord
The 31 pairs of nerves that connect with the spinal cord
spinal nerves
A bundle of nerve cell fibers within the CNS
tract
A bundle of nerve cell fibers outside the CNS
nerve
A collection of nerve cell bodies outside the CNS
ganglion
neur/o, neur/i
nervous system, nervous tissue, nerve
gli/o
neuroglia
gangli/o, ganglion/o
ganglion
mening/o, meninge/o
meninges
myel/o
spinal cord; bone marrow
radicul/o
root of a spinal nerve
encephal/o
brain
cerebr/o
cerebrum; loosely: brain
cortic/o
cerebral cortex; outer portion
cerebell/o
cerebellum
thalam/o
thalamus
ventricul/o
cavity, ventricle
medull/o
medulla oblongata; spinal cord
psych/o
mind
narc/o
stupor, unconsciousness
somn/o, somn/i
sleep
-phasia
speech
-lalia
speech; babble
-lexia
reading
-plegia
paralysis
-paresis
partial paralysis
-lepsy
seizure
-phobia
persistent, irrational fear
-mania
excited state, obsession
CVA
cerebrovascular accident; stroke
Formation of a blood clot in a vessel
thrombosis
Sudden blockage by an obstruction travelling from another part of the body
embolism
localized dilation of a vessel that may rupture and cause hemorrhage
aneurysm
loss or impairment of speech communication
aphasia
paralysis of one side
of the body
hemiplegia
Almost all tumors that originate in the nervous system are tumors of nonconducting support cells, the ____
neuroglia
EEG
electroencephalography
A drug that acts on the mental state
psychotropic drug
Psychotropic drugs include antianxiety drugs or ___, and antipsychotic drugs called ____
anxiolytic; neuroleptics
Damage to the brain on the side opposite the point of a blow as a result of the brain’s hitting the skull
contrecoup injury
Partial paralysis or weakness of one side of the body
hemiparesis
A chronic, progressive disease involving loss of myelin in the CNS
multiple sclerosis
A disorder originating in the basal ganglia
parkinson disease
Surgical removal of the lining of the carotid artery, the large artery in
the neck that supplies blood to the brain
carotid endarterectomy
Amplification, recording, and interpretation of the electric activity of the brainpower
EEG
Puncture of the subarachnoid space in the lumbar region of the spinal cord; spinal tap; done to remove spinal fluid for diagnosis or to inject anesthesia
lumbar puncture
ADHD
attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Four masses of gray matter in the cerebrum and upper brainstem that are involved in movement and coordination
basal ganglia
ACh
acetylcholine
AD
alzheimer disease
ALS
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
BAEP
brainstem auditory evoked potentials
CBF
cerebral blood flow
CP
cerebrospinal fluid
CVD
cerebrovascular disease
DTR
deep tendon reflexes
GAD
generalized anxiety disorder
ICP
intracranial pressure
LMN
lower motor neuron
LOC
level of consciousness
MID
multi-infarct dementia
NICU
neurological intensive care unit
NPH
normal pressure hydrocephalus
NREM
non rapid eye movement (sleep)
RAS
reticular activating system
REM
rapid eye movement (sleep)
SSEP
somatosensory evoked potentials
SSRI
selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor
TIA
transient ischemic attack
UMN
upper motor neuron
VEP
visual evoked potentials
