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Z. ANPH > Ch 13 Urinary System > Flashcards

Ch 13 Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the urinary system?

A
  1. removes waste from the bloodstream and excretes through urine
  2. regulates pH of body fluids
  3. regulates fluid and electrolyte balance
  4. stimulates the production of RBCs
  5. Controls blood pressure
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2
Q

Name the organs of the urinary system.

A

bladder
kidneys
urethra
ureters

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3
Q

Kidneys are protected by the ___, ___, and ___

A

abdomen, back muscles, and fat

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4
Q

Kidneys are surrounded by what 3 layers of tissue?

A
  1. fibrous capsule (inner layer)
  2. perirenal fat capsule (middle layer)
  3. renal fascia (outer layer)
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5
Q

What are the 3 regions of the kidneys?

A
  1. renal pelvis (inner region)
  2. renal medulla (middle region)
    - renal pyramids (triangular sections
  3. renal cortex
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6
Q

What does the following process describe: urine drains from the tip of renal pyramids > down to minor calices > major calices > renal pelvis > ureter

A

Pathway of urine

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7
Q

There are about _____ nephrons in each kidney

A

1 million

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8
Q

Name the parts of a nephron.

A
  1. glomerular (Bowman) capsure

2. renal tubule

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9
Q

Name the three sections of a renal tubule.

A
  1. proximal (convoluted) tubule
  2. loop of Henle
  3. distal (convoluted) tubule
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10
Q

What processes are involved in urine formation?

A
  1. glomerular filtration

2. tubular reabsorption

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11
Q

Urination can also be called ____ or ____

A

micturition or voiding

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12
Q

There are ____ receptors in the bladder wall that triggers the reflex for urinating

A

stretch receptors

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13
Q

The ____ sphincter in the bladder works involuntarily while the ____ sphincter works voluntarily (how we hold urine in)

A

internal and external

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14
Q

What other systems work with the urinary system?

A

circulatory system and endocrine system (see Google drive notes)

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15
Q

The urinary system consists of which 6 organs?

A

two kidneys, two ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

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16
Q

The urinary system ____ and ____ urine, which contains metabolic waste products.

A

forms and eliminates

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17
Q

What are the organs of excretion?

A

Kidneys

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18
Q

What are the other functions of kidneys?

A
  1. regulates body fluid
    a. composition
    b. volume
    c. pH
  2. maintains the state of internal balance known as homeostasis
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19
Q

Which two substances does the kidney produce?

A

erythropoietin (EPO) and renin

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20
Q

What system do erythropoietin and renin act on?

A

circulatory system

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21
Q

Hormone that stimulates the production of red blood cells in the bone marrow

A

erythropoietin (EPO)

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22
Q

Enzyme that functions

to raise blood pressure and activates angiotensin in the blood

A

renin

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23
Q

Renin activates a blood component called ____ which causes constriction of the blood vessels.

A

angiotensin

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24
Q

ACE inhibitors

A

angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors

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25
Q

Lower blood pressure by interfering with the production of angiotensin

A

ACE inhibitors

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26
Q

The kidneys are located behind the ____ in the ____ region.

A

peritoneum in the lumbar region

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27
Q

An ____ rests on top of each kidney.

A

adrenal gland

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28
Q

Each kidney is encased in a capsule of _____ overlaid with fat.

A

fibrous connective tissue

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29
Q

An outermost layer of ____ tissue supports the kidney and anchors it to the body wall

A

connective

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30
Q

The outer region of the kidney

A

renal cortex

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31
Q

The inner region of the kidney; contains portions of the
nephrons and tubules that transport urine toward the renal
pelvis

A

renal medulla

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32
Q

The medulla is divided into triangular sections each called a _____

A

pyramid

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33
Q

The pyramids have a lined appearance because they’re made up of the loops and collecting tubules of the ___

A

nephrons

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34
Q

The functional units of the kidney

A

nephrons

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35
Q

Each collecting tubule empties into a urine-collecting area called a _____

A

calyx

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36
Q

Smaller minor calyces merge to form a _____

A

major calyx

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37
Q

The major calyces unite to form the _____

A

renal pelvis

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38
Q

The upper funnel shaped portion of the ureter that receives urine from
the kidney

A

renal pelvis

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39
Q

Microscopic structures; a single tubule coiled and folded into various shapes

A

nephrons

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40
Q

Cup-shaped capsule at the beginning of the nephron’s tubule

A

Bowman (glomerular) capsule

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41
Q

Part of the blood-filtering device of the nephron

A

Bowman (glomerular) capsule

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42
Q

After the bowman capsule, the tubule folds into the ___

A

proximal convoluted tubule

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43
Q

The proximal convoluted tubule straightens out to form the ____

A

loop of Henle

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44
Q

The loop of Henle coils again into the _____

A

distal convoluted tubule

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45
Q

The distal convoluted tubule finally straightens out to form a _____

A

collecting tubule

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46
Q

Blood enters the kidney through a ____

A

renal artery

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47
Q

A short branch of the abdominal aorta

A

renal artery

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48
Q

The renal artery subdivides into smaller vessels as it branches throughout the kidney tissue until blood is brought into the ____

A

Bowman’s capsule (glomerular)

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49
Q

A cluster of capillaries within the Bowman’s capsule

A

glomerulus

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50
Q

Blood leaves the kidney by a series of vessels that finally merge to form the _____

A

renal vein

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51
Q

The renal vein empties into the ______

A

inferior vena cava

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52
Q

____ forces materials through the glomerular wall and through the wall of the glomerular capsule

A

blood pressure

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53
Q

The fluid that enters the nephron

A

glomerular filtrate

54
Q

Glomerular filtrate consists of ____, _____, _____, ____, and ____

A

water, electrolytes, soluble waste, nutrients and toxins

55
Q

The main waste material

A

urea

56
Q

Urea is the _____-containing byproduct of ______

A

nitrogen, protein metabolism

57
Q

The filtrate shouldn’t contain any cells or proteins such as ____.

A

albumin

58
Q

T or F. Waste material and toxins must be eliminated, but most of the water, electrolytes and nutrients must be returned to the blood or we would rapidly starve/dehydrate

A

True

59
Q

The return process that occurs through the peritubular capillaries surrounding the nephron

A

tubular reabsorption

60
Q

The concentration of the filtrate is adjusted under the effects of the pituitary hormone _______

A

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

61
Q

The filtrate is now called ____ when it flows into the collecting tubules to be eliminated

A

urine

62
Q

Urine is drained from the ____ and carried by the ____ to the _____

A

renal pelvis, ureter, urinary bladder

63
Q

Urine is stored in the bladder until fullness stimulates a ____ contraction of the ____ muscle

A

reflex, bladder

64
Q

Urine is expulsed through this

A

urethra

65
Q

T or F. Female urethra is shorter than than males’

A

True

66
Q

The female urethra carries only urine while the male urethra carries both ____ and ____

A

urine and semen

67
Q

The voiding of urine is regulated by two sphincters made up of ____ muscles that surround the urethra

A

circular

68
Q

What are the two sphincters involved in regulating micturition?

A

the upper and lower sphincter

69
Q

The ___ sphincter just below the bladder functions involuntarily

A

upper

70
Q

The ___ sphincter is under conscious control

A

lower

71
Q

A hormone released from the pituitary gland that causes reabsorption
of water in the kidneys, thus concentrating the urine

A

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

72
Q

A substance that increases blood pressure; activated in the blood by renin, an enzyme produced by the kidneys

A

angiotensin

73
Q

A hormone produced by the kidneys that stimulates red blood cell production in the bone marrow

A

EPO

74
Q

The cup-shaped structure at the beginning of the nephron that surrounds the glomerulus and receives material filtered out of
the blood

A

glomerular capsule

75
Q

The fluid and dissolved materials that filter out of the blood and enter the nephron at the Bowman capsule

A

glomerular filtrate

76
Q

The cluster of capillaries within the glomerular capsule

A

glomerulus

77
Q

Filter the blood and form urine, which contains the waste products of
metabolism and other substances as needed to regulate the water
and electrolyte balance and the pH of body fluids

A

kidney

78
Q

ren/o

A

kidney

79
Q

nephr/o

A

kidney

80
Q

glomerul/o

A

glomerulus

81
Q

pyel/o

A

renal pelvis

82
Q

cali-, calic-

A

calyx

83
Q

ur/o

A

urine, urinary tract

84
Q

urin/o

A

urine

85
Q

ureter/o

A

ureter

86
Q

cyst/o

A

urinary bladder

87
Q

vesic/o

A

urinary bladder

88
Q

urethr/o

A

urethra

89
Q

Organisms that infect the urinary tract generally enter through the ___ and ascend toward the bladder

A

urethra

90
Q

ARF

A

acute renal failure

91
Q

ATN

A

acute tubular necrosis

92
Q

The movement of substances across a semipermeable membrane

A

dialysis

93
Q

dialysis where blood is cleansed by passage over a membrane surrounded by fluid that draws out unwanted substances

A

hemodialysis

94
Q

dialysis where fluid is introduced into the peritoneal cavity which is withdrawn along with waste products

A

peritoneal dialysis

95
Q

CAPD

A

continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis

96
Q

CCPD

A

continuous cyclic peritoneal dialysis

97
Q

Most urinary stones are formed from ____

A

calcium salts

98
Q

hydronephrosis

A

collection of urine in the renal pelvis

99
Q

UA

A

urinalysis

100
Q

instrument for examining the inside of the urinary bladder

A

cystocope

101
Q

IVP

A

intravenous pyelography

102
Q

IVU

A

intravenous urography

103
Q

Weight of a substance compared with the weight of an equal volume of water

A

specific gravity

104
Q

Hormone secreted by the adrenal gland that regulates electrolyte excretion by the kidneys

A

aldosterone

105
Q

Creatinine is the _____-containing byproduct of ______

A

nitrogen, muscle

106
Q

diuresis

A

increased excretion of urine

107
Q

GFR

A

glomerular filtration rate

108
Q

The amount of filtrate formed per minute by the nephrons of both kidneys

A

GFR

109
Q

The maximum rate at which a given substance can be transported
across the renal tubule; tubular maximum

A

maximal transport capacity

110
Q

Tm

A

maximal transport capacity

111
Q

The glomerular capsule and the glomerulus considered as a unit; the filtration device of the kidney

A

renal corpuscle

112
Q

A triangle at the base of the bladder formed by the openings of the
two ureters and the urethra

A

trigone

113
Q

anuresis vs anuria

A

anuresis = lack of urination, anuria = lack of urine formation

114
Q

A condition caused by inadequate production of antidiuretic hormone
resulting in excessive excretion of dilute urine and extreme
thirst

A

diabetes insipidus

115
Q

enuresis

A

involuntary urination

116
Q

BUN

A

blood urea nitrogen

117
Q

Nitrogen in the blood in the form of urea

A

BUN

118
Q

A substance that increases the excretion of urine

A

diuretic

119
Q

instrument for crushing a bladder stone

A

lithotrite

120
Q

CMG

A

cystometrography

121
Q

CRF

A

chronic renal failure

122
Q

ESRD

A

end stage renal disease

123
Q

ESWL

A

extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy

124
Q

GU

A

genitourinary

125
Q

KUB

A

kidney-ureter-bladder

126
Q

PEP

A

protein electrophoresis

127
Q

UTI

A

urinary tract infection

128
Q

Steps in the removal urine

A

urine drained from the renal pelvis > ureter > into urinary bladder > fullness > reflex contraction of the bladder muscle > expulsion through urethra

129
Q

Steps in urine formation

A

blood pressure pushes materials through the glomerular wall > wall of glomerular capsule > glomerular filtrate and urea > nephrons > peritubular capillaries > filtrate adjusted > urine

130
Q

Steps in blood supply in and out of kidney

A

blood enters kidney through renal artery > vessel subdivides into smaller vessels within kidney tissue > glomerular capsule > glomerulus > vessels that merge to form the renal vein > inferior vena cava

Z. ANPH (18 decks)

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