Ch 13 Urinary System Flashcards
What are the functions of the urinary system?
- removes waste from the bloodstream and excretes through urine
- regulates pH of body fluids
- regulates fluid and electrolyte balance
- stimulates the production of RBCs
- Controls blood pressure
Name the organs of the urinary system.
bladder
kidneys
urethra
ureters
Kidneys are protected by the ___, ___, and ___
abdomen, back muscles, and fat
Kidneys are surrounded by what 3 layers of tissue?
- fibrous capsule (inner layer)
- perirenal fat capsule (middle layer)
- renal fascia (outer layer)
What are the 3 regions of the kidneys?
- renal pelvis (inner region)
- renal medulla (middle region)
- renal pyramids (triangular sections - renal cortex
What does the following process describe: urine drains from the tip of renal pyramids > down to minor calices > major calices > renal pelvis > ureter
Pathway of urine
There are about _____ nephrons in each kidney
1 million
Name the parts of a nephron.
- glomerular (Bowman) capsure
2. renal tubule
Name the three sections of a renal tubule.
- proximal (convoluted) tubule
- loop of Henle
- distal (convoluted) tubule
What processes are involved in urine formation?
- glomerular filtration
2. tubular reabsorption
Urination can also be called ____ or ____
micturition or voiding
There are ____ receptors in the bladder wall that triggers the reflex for urinating
stretch receptors
The ____ sphincter in the bladder works involuntarily while the ____ sphincter works voluntarily (how we hold urine in)
internal and external
What other systems work with the urinary system?
circulatory system and endocrine system (see Google drive notes)
The urinary system consists of which 6 organs?
two kidneys, two ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
The urinary system ____ and ____ urine, which contains metabolic waste products.
forms and eliminates
What are the organs of excretion?
Kidneys
What are the other functions of kidneys?
- regulates body fluid
a. composition
b. volume
c. pH - maintains the state of internal balance known as homeostasis
Which two substances does the kidney produce?
erythropoietin (EPO) and renin
What system do erythropoietin and renin act on?
circulatory system
Hormone that stimulates the production of red blood cells in the bone marrow
erythropoietin (EPO)
Enzyme that functions
to raise blood pressure and activates angiotensin in the blood
renin
Renin activates a blood component called ____ which causes constriction of the blood vessels.
angiotensin
ACE inhibitors
angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors
Lower blood pressure by interfering with the production of angiotensin
ACE inhibitors
The kidneys are located behind the ____ in the ____ region.
peritoneum in the lumbar region
An ____ rests on top of each kidney.
adrenal gland
Each kidney is encased in a capsule of _____ overlaid with fat.
fibrous connective tissue
An outermost layer of ____ tissue supports the kidney and anchors it to the body wall
connective
The outer region of the kidney
renal cortex
The inner region of the kidney; contains portions of the
nephrons and tubules that transport urine toward the renal
pelvis
renal medulla
The medulla is divided into triangular sections each called a _____
pyramid
The pyramids have a lined appearance because they’re made up of the loops and collecting tubules of the ___
nephrons
The functional units of the kidney
nephrons
Each collecting tubule empties into a urine-collecting area called a _____
calyx
Smaller minor calyces merge to form a _____
major calyx
The major calyces unite to form the _____
renal pelvis
The upper funnel shaped portion of the ureter that receives urine from
the kidney
renal pelvis
Microscopic structures; a single tubule coiled and folded into various shapes
nephrons
Cup-shaped capsule at the beginning of the nephron’s tubule
Bowman (glomerular) capsule
Part of the blood-filtering device of the nephron
Bowman (glomerular) capsule
After the bowman capsule, the tubule folds into the ___
proximal convoluted tubule
The proximal convoluted tubule straightens out to form the ____
loop of Henle
The loop of Henle coils again into the _____
distal convoluted tubule
The distal convoluted tubule finally straightens out to form a _____
collecting tubule
Blood enters the kidney through a ____
renal artery
A short branch of the abdominal aorta
renal artery
The renal artery subdivides into smaller vessels as it branches throughout the kidney tissue until blood is brought into the ____
Bowman’s capsule (glomerular)
A cluster of capillaries within the Bowman’s capsule
glomerulus
Blood leaves the kidney by a series of vessels that finally merge to form the _____
renal vein
The renal vein empties into the ______
inferior vena cava
____ forces materials through the glomerular wall and through the wall of the glomerular capsule
blood pressure
The fluid that enters the nephron
glomerular filtrate
Glomerular filtrate consists of ____, _____, _____, ____, and ____
water, electrolytes, soluble waste, nutrients and toxins
The main waste material
urea
Urea is the _____-containing byproduct of ______
nitrogen, protein metabolism
The filtrate shouldn’t contain any cells or proteins such as ____.
albumin
T or F. Waste material and toxins must be eliminated, but most of the water, electrolytes and nutrients must be returned to the blood or we would rapidly starve/dehydrate
True
The return process that occurs through the peritubular capillaries surrounding the nephron
tubular reabsorption
The concentration of the filtrate is adjusted under the effects of the pituitary hormone _______
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
The filtrate is now called ____ when it flows into the collecting tubules to be eliminated
urine
Urine is drained from the ____ and carried by the ____ to the _____
renal pelvis, ureter, urinary bladder
Urine is stored in the bladder until fullness stimulates a ____ contraction of the ____ muscle
reflex, bladder
Urine is expulsed through this
urethra
T or F. Female urethra is shorter than than males’
True
The female urethra carries only urine while the male urethra carries both ____ and ____
urine and semen
The voiding of urine is regulated by two sphincters made up of ____ muscles that surround the urethra
circular
What are the two sphincters involved in regulating micturition?
the upper and lower sphincter
The ___ sphincter just below the bladder functions involuntarily
upper
The ___ sphincter is under conscious control
lower
A hormone released from the pituitary gland that causes reabsorption
of water in the kidneys, thus concentrating the urine
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
A substance that increases blood pressure; activated in the blood by renin, an enzyme produced by the kidneys
angiotensin
A hormone produced by the kidneys that stimulates red blood cell production in the bone marrow
EPO
The cup-shaped structure at the beginning of the nephron that surrounds the glomerulus and receives material filtered out of
the blood
glomerular capsule
The fluid and dissolved materials that filter out of the blood and enter the nephron at the Bowman capsule
glomerular filtrate
The cluster of capillaries within the glomerular capsule
glomerulus
Filter the blood and form urine, which contains the waste products of
metabolism and other substances as needed to regulate the water
and electrolyte balance and the pH of body fluids
kidney
ren/o
kidney
nephr/o
kidney
glomerul/o
glomerulus
pyel/o
renal pelvis
cali-, calic-
calyx
ur/o
urine, urinary tract
urin/o
urine
ureter/o
ureter
cyst/o
urinary bladder
vesic/o
urinary bladder
urethr/o
urethra
Organisms that infect the urinary tract generally enter through the ___ and ascend toward the bladder
urethra
ARF
acute renal failure
ATN
acute tubular necrosis
The movement of substances across a semipermeable membrane
dialysis
dialysis where blood is cleansed by passage over a membrane surrounded by fluid that draws out unwanted substances
hemodialysis
dialysis where fluid is introduced into the peritoneal cavity which is withdrawn along with waste products
peritoneal dialysis
CAPD
continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis
CCPD
continuous cyclic peritoneal dialysis
Most urinary stones are formed from ____
calcium salts
hydronephrosis
collection of urine in the renal pelvis
UA
urinalysis
instrument for examining the inside of the urinary bladder
cystocope
IVP
intravenous pyelography
IVU
intravenous urography
Weight of a substance compared with the weight of an equal volume of water
specific gravity
Hormone secreted by the adrenal gland that regulates electrolyte excretion by the kidneys
aldosterone
Creatinine is the _____-containing byproduct of ______
nitrogen, muscle
diuresis
increased excretion of urine
GFR
glomerular filtration rate
The amount of filtrate formed per minute by the nephrons of both kidneys
GFR
The maximum rate at which a given substance can be transported
across the renal tubule; tubular maximum
maximal transport capacity
Tm
maximal transport capacity
The glomerular capsule and the glomerulus considered as a unit; the filtration device of the kidney
renal corpuscle
A triangle at the base of the bladder formed by the openings of the
two ureters and the urethra
trigone
anuresis vs anuria
anuresis = lack of urination, anuria = lack of urine formation
A condition caused by inadequate production of antidiuretic hormone
resulting in excessive excretion of dilute urine and extreme
thirst
diabetes insipidus
enuresis
involuntary urination
BUN
blood urea nitrogen
Nitrogen in the blood in the form of urea
BUN
A substance that increases the excretion of urine
diuretic
instrument for crushing a bladder stone
lithotrite
CMG
cystometrography
CRF
chronic renal failure
ESRD
end stage renal disease
ESWL
extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy
GU
genitourinary
KUB
kidney-ureter-bladder
PEP
protein electrophoresis
UTI
urinary tract infection
Steps in the removal urine
urine drained from the renal pelvis > ureter > into urinary bladder > fullness > reflex contraction of the bladder muscle > expulsion through urethra
Steps in urine formation
blood pressure pushes materials through the glomerular wall > wall of glomerular capsule > glomerular filtrate and urea > nephrons > peritubular capillaries > filtrate adjusted > urine
Steps in blood supply in and out of kidney
blood enters kidney through renal artery > vessel subdivides into smaller vessels within kidney tissue > glomerular capsule > glomerulus > vessels that merge to form the renal vein > inferior vena cava
