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genetics > ch. 3 mitosis > Flashcards

ch. 3 mitosis Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is cell division regulated by

A

control of cell cycle

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2
Q

cell cycles of all _____________ are similar

A

eukaryotes

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3
Q

2 main parts of cell cycle

A
  1. M phase - mitosis, cell divides
  2. interphase - time between M phases
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4
Q

subphrases of interphase

A
  1. Gap 1 (G1)
  2. Resting phase (G0)
  3. S phase
  4. Gap 2 (G2)
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5
Q

Gap 1 phase

A
  • all proteins for normal cell function are transcribed and translated
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6
Q

G0 phase

A
  • differentiated cells
  • some cells enter G0 after G1
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7
Q

do cells in G0 reenter cell cycle?

A

no - rarely

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8
Q

S phase

A
  • DNA is replicated
  • 2 sister chromatids produced for each chromosome
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9
Q

G2 phase

A
  • cells prepare for division
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10
Q

substages of M phase

A
  1. prophase
  2. prometaphase
  3. metaphase
  4. anaphase
  5. telophase
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11
Q

what does the M phase accomplish?

A
  • karyokinesis
  • cytokinesis
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12
Q

karyokinesis

A

dividing the DNA

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13
Q

cytokinesis

A

dividing the cell/cytoplasm

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14
Q

are cells at the beginning of mitosis diploid or haploid?

A

diploid

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15
Q

composition of chromosome after S phase

A

2 identical sister chromatids
- amount of genetic material doubled

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16
Q

where does condensation of chromosomes begin

A

prophase

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17
Q

where does maximum condensation of chromosomes occur

A

metaphse

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18
Q

centromeres

A

specialized sequences where sister chromatids are joined

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19
Q

what do centromeres bind?

A

protein complexes called kinetochores

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20
Q

the moment two sister chromatids separate, they are considered…

A

2 separate chromosomes

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21
Q

centrosomes

A

nucleate spindle fiber microtubules
- migrate to form opposite poles of dividing cell

22
Q

where are centrosomes found?

A

animal cells

23
Q

what end of the microtubule is at the centrosome?

A

minus (-)

24
Q

what end of the microtubule is at the kinetochores?

A

plus (+)

25
Q

aster

A

pattern in which spindle fibers emanate from the centrosomes

26
Q

types of microtubules in cells

A
  1. kinetochore
  2. polar
  3. astral
27
Q

kinetochore microtubules

A
  • centrosome to kinetochore
  • move chromosomes during cell division
28
Q

polar microtubules

A
  • centrosome to centrosome
  • cell elongation and stability
  • “non-kinetochore microtubules”
29
Q

astral microtubules

A
  • centrosome to membrane
  • cell stability and shape
30
Q

what does sister chromatid cohesin balance?

A

tension created by pull of kinetochore microtubules

31
Q

cohesin

A

4-subunit protein complex that coats sister chromatids along their entire length to hold them together
- prevents premature separation

32
Q

where is highest concentration of cohesin?

A

centromeres

33
Q

what happens in anaphase?

A

sister chromatids separate and begin to move toward opposite poles in the cell

34
Q

what causes sister chromatids to separate in anaphase A?

A

action of enzyme Separase

35
Q

separase

A

cleaves Scc1, a central component of cohesin complex
- causes disjunction

36
Q

disjunction

A

separation of sister chromatids

37
Q

non-disjunction

A

failure of sister chromatids to properly separate
- causes chromosomal number mutations

38
Q

what do polar microtubules do during anaphase

A

extend in length, which will later allow cytokinesis

39
Q

what do kinetochore microtubules do during anaphase

A

shorten
- depolymerize at their plus end, moving individual chromatids toward centrioles/opposite poles

40
Q

what happens in telophase

A
  • nuclear membranes reassemble around chromosomes at each pole
  • chromosomes de-condense
  • 2 identical nuclei occupy elongated cell, which will soon undergo cytokinesis
41
Q

cytokinesis in animal cells

A
  • contractile ring of actin creates cleavage furrow around circumference of cell
  • pinches cell in 2
  • begins on edges and moves inward
42
Q

cytokinesis in plants

A
  • new cell wall is constructed along cellular midline (cell plate)
  • begins in middle and moves outward
43
Q

what does mitosis produce?

A

2 identical daughter cells

44
Q

are the daughter cells genetically identical?

A

yes

45
Q

do cells ever become haploid during mitosis?

A

no

46
Q

cell cycle checkpoints

A

monitored by protein interactions for readiness to progress to next stage

47
Q

mutations altering normal cell cycle control are linked to what?

A

various cell growth abnormalities

48
Q

cancer is often characterized by what?

A

out-of-control proliferation of cells that can invade and displace normal cells

49
Q

G1 checkpoint

A

pass if:
- cell size adequate
- nutrient availability is sufficient
- growth factors present

50
Q

S-phase checkpoint

A

pass if:
- DNA replication is complete
- screened to remove base-pair mismatch error

51
Q

G2 checkpoint

A

pass if:
- cell size is adequate
- chromosomes replication completed

52
Q

metaphase checkpoint

A

pass if:
- all chromosomes attached to mitotic spindle

genetics (37 decks)

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