CH 3 Flashcards
What type of study examines cause and effect associative relationships and uses deductive reasoning?
Quantitative
What type of study is the data a narrative description, examines patterns of association, and uses inductive reasoning?
qualitative
What is a theory?
What is a nursing theory?
- explanation of an inspect of reality based on concepts
- Nursing : Provides foundation for nursing knowledge and given direction to nursing practice based on 4 concepts (person, env, health, and nursing)
What concepts in a quantitative study can be used in building a theory?
- variables or factors that change –> this is used to begin the process of research
What part of a qualitative study will result in the development of a theory?
The conclusion
A ___ (independent/dependent) variable is the intervention or cause of change. The I in PICO
independent
The ___ (independent/dependent) variable is the outcome. The O in PICO
dependent
A study is measuring depression in patients with pancreatic cancer. The study finds that men have higher levels of depression. What are the independent and dependent variables?
- independent : men - not a direct cause of depression but r/t to an inc level of depression
- dependent : depression
Why is it important for a study to recognize that multiple independent and dependent variables may be present?
Ex: a study evaluating the effectiveness of a diet and weight loss also considers participants : activity level, stress, sleep, medications etc.
- Outcomes can have lots of independent and dependent variables therefore it is important to see if the researcher took into account other influences that could have impacted the results of the study
A narrative description is considered the data in which type of study? (quantitative or qualitative)
qualitative
A study that describes a relationship b/t two things using more than or less than is most likely which type of study? (quantitative or qualitative)
quantitative : describing the relationship numerically
A study that bases relationships on patterns of association is which type of study? quantitative or qualitative
qualitative
Quantitative studies can be experimental or non-experimental. Which type introduces an intervention or change to test casual relationships? AKA ___
- experimental
- clinical trial
Quantitative studies can be experimental or non-experimental. Which type of study assesses difference in two groups without introducing change? This can be know as an ___ __
- non-experimental
- observational study
A researcher wants to compare the stress levels of students in bachelors programs vs associates programs. What type of study would this be?
- non-expiremental : observational –> one group is MORE stressed than the other but NO change in introduced
What are the 5 phases of a quantitative study?
- conceptual
- design and planning
- empirical
- analytic
- dissemination
What is involved in the conceptual phase of a quantitative study?
- identifying a problem
- determine variables
- determine clinical relevance
- determine Methodology issues
- determine ethical issues
- lit review is done to provide background knowledge
- hypothesis is formed
What is involved in the design and planning phase of a quantitative study?
- how often is data collected
- how to reduce bias
- how to structure the control
- intervention protocol : specify intervention and the alternate to be used for comparison
- define the population –> should allow the results to be generalized
- methods to measure the variables and collection protocol
- how to ensure ethical principles are followed
- study is assess or critiqued
What is involved in the empirical phase of a quantitative study?
- collecting data according to the pre planned method
- coded to numerical values if necessary
What is involved in the analytic phase of a quantitative study?
- formal statistical analysis of the data collected
- results of data analysis are interpreted
- clinical significance / conclusions are discussed
What is involved in the dissemination phase of a quantitative study?
- preparing the research report
- using the evidence in practice
What are the 3 theoretical backgrounds for qualitative studies?
- grounded theory
- phenomenology
- ethnography
What is grounded theory in relation to a qualitative study?
- seeks to understand and describe social psychological processes
- find a core variables to explain what is happening in a social sense
A study that measures how mental health users transitioned from hospital to home and found that a core variable was the pts management of preconceived expectations. What type of theoretical background is this?
grounded theory –> identified a core variable
What is phenomenology in relation to a qualitative study?
- lived experiences of humans
- how a person or groups receives an experience they endured
A study is conducted in regards to nursing students experiences when attending clinical during a pandemic. What type of theoretical background was used?
phenomenology
What is ethnography in relation to a qualitative study?
- studies patterns and lifeways of a defined cultural group in a holistic fashion
- researcher joins the group
Researchers immerse themself in nursing homes to observe how staff manage unpleasant resident behaviors. What type of theoretical background was used?
ethnography
What are the steps in a qualitative research study?
How does the process differ from a quantitative study?
- determine a problem : can be broad and become more specific once the study has began
- literature review : usually small - sometimes omitted b/c thought it might influence findings
- research sites : since require human perspectives the env is important –> may need permission to be there
- overall approach : data collection can impact the design and can be done for a design is finalized
- ethics : need to be addressed bc the participant is developing a rapport with the researcher
- this differs from a quantitative study b/c the step are not linear and can go back and forth
The sample in a qualitative study varies. how is it usually decided?
- when the narrative becomes redundant or the results are saturated
T/F : in a qualitative study researcher may go back to participants to verify that their analysis is congruent with the participants experience?
True
