CH 12 - Exam 2 Flashcards
The primary goal for qualitative sampling is to figure out who would be an ___ ___ ___ for the study
information rich source
Convenience samples for a qualitative study includes ___ to participate
volunteers
What may be the first type of sample trialed in a qualitative study?
convenience
What type of sampling involves having people make referrals to participate?
AKA
How might this affect the data
- snowballing AKA network sampling
- data may be skewed
What type of sampling is done after others have been tried and the researchers are now deliberately picking information rich sources
purposive
___ ___ sampling involved deliberately selecting cases with a wide range of variation on dimensions of interest
maximum variation
Do confirming cases strengthen or weaken credibility
strengthen
___ cases are new cases that challenge the results
disconfirming
___ sampling is an evolving process where participants are selected as needed for relevance to the emerging theory discovered
theoretical
How is the sample size for a qualitative study determined?
When data saturation occurs
What is data saturation?
when no new information is achieved, redundancy beings to occur
An ___ study starts with a wide range of participants and narrows it down to a select group of people known as __ ___
- ethnography
- key informants
What are key informants?
What type of studies do they typically work with?
- people who are knowledgeable about a culture and are the researchers main link
- ethnography
T/F : ethnography can sample both people and things
true
What types of “things” would ethnography sample?
meetings / events that occur in the natural setting
phenomenology uses a ___ (lg/sm) sample?
What are the 2 principles the sample must be based on
- small
- all participants must have experienced the phenomenon
- participants must be able to articulate what it is like to have lived that experience
Describe the different types / order of sampling in grounded theory
- start with convenience
- move to max variation
- continue until data saturation occurs
- identify confirming and disconfirming cases
Unstructured interviews begin with a ___ ___ question and follow up questions are based on the ___.
- broad open-ended
- response
What types of studies commonly use instructed interviews? (2)
- ethnography
- phenomenological
Semi-structured interviews have a ___ ___ ___ that the interviewers use to ensure they ask questions about each ___ throughout the interview
- written topic guide
- topic
___ ___ interviews gather 5-10 people to gather ___ at the same time
- focus group
- opinions
Information is gathered from the ___ in a focus group.
What is one limitation to a focus group?
- dialog
- some people are less likely to talk in a group setting
A diary may be used to get rich ____ information. The diary may be unstructured but it is more common to …
- personalized
- direct the participants to focus on a specific topic
photo elicitation uses ___ to conduct an interview
photos
photo elicitation is commonly used in what 2 types of research
- ethnography
- participatory action
photo voice involves … (2)
- the participants taking the photos themselves
- then interpreting the photos
Observation involved observing participants in their setting to identify ___ and ___
behaviors and experiences
___ ___ is then the researcher takes an active role in the conversation and seeks to observe, ask questions, and record information
participant observations
Which type of qualitative study uses primarily observation and interviews, plus artifacts?
ethnography
What type of qualitative study uses primarily in-depth interviews and sometimes diaries?
phenomenology
What type of qualitative study primarily uses interviews and sometimes group interviews, observation, diaries, or documents?
grounded theory
What type of qualitative study focuses on a cultural system as the unit of data collection?
ethnography
What type of qualitative studies focus on an individual as the unit of data
phenomenology and grounded theory
Ethnography typically uses ___ (longitudinal / cross section) for data collection.
Describe the time frame
- longitudinal
- LONG time - months to Years
Phenomenology typically uses ___ (longitudinal / cross section) for data collection.
Describe the time frame
- cross sectional
- moderate
grounded theory typically uses ___ (longitudinal / cross section) for data collection.
Describe the time frame
- either
- moderate
Salient field issues associated with ethnography (7)
- gaining entry
- determining a role
- learning how to participate
- encouraging candor
- loss of objectivity
- premature exit
- reflexivity
Salient field issues associated with phenomenology (6)
- bracketing ones views
- building rapport
- encouraging candor
- listening whole preparing what to ask next
- keeping on track
- handling emotions
Salient field issues associated with grounded theory (5)
- building rapport
- encouraging candor
- listening while preparing what to ask next
- keeping on track
- handling emotions
Observation data does not have ___ and is grouped into categories
limitations
What are the 6 categories associated with observation studies
- physical setting : main features
- participants : characteristics
- activities :
- frequency and duration
- process
- outcomes : why, what didn’t happen and why
A log or field diary is a daily record of ___ and ___.
events
conversations
Field ___ are broader and represent the observers efforts to record information and to synthesize and understand data
notes
Difference b/t field diary and notes
- diary : specific - describes only what is happening
- notes : broad - researchers thoughts
