CH 15 - Exam 2

Question 1

The ___ ___ are used by journals to use a systematic way to track journal participants, without them it is harder to determine who is in the final sample to judge if they are representative

Answer 1

Consort guidelines

Question 2

Consort guidelines are AKA

Answer 2

consolidated standards of reporting trials

Question 3

Participant variation takes into consideration whether or not the sample ____ ____ the population it is representing

Answer 3

accurately represents

Question 4

What are the 4 example of bias in quantitative studies

Answer 4

• research design
• sampling
• measurement
• analysis

Question 5

What are 3 ways a quantitative study can have bias from research designs

Answer 5

• contamination of treatment
• noncompliance bias
• attrition bias

Question 6

In a study that was measuring pain control, and some patients received an intervention that helped with pain that was not a part of the study it would be considered what type of bias

Answer 6

contamination of treatment - research design

Question 7

A high instance of noncompliance ____ the ____ of the study

Answer 7

limited the effectiveness

Question 8

What is attrition bias?

How does it impact effectiveness

Answer 8

when member of the study drop out –> limits effectiveness of study

Question 9

Sampling bias includes what 2 subtypes

Answer 9

• volunteer

- non responsive

Question 10

volunteer bias prevents ____ and introduces __ into a study

Answer 10

• randomization

- bias

Question 11

If individuals were to no respond to a survey, leading to dropout or false answers it would be what type of bias

Answer 11

non responsive

Question 12

Measurement bias has what 2 subtypes

Answer 12

• acquiescence

- observer

Question 13

Acquiescence is when participants want to be in ___ and it ___ the data

Answer 13

• agreement

- skews

Question 14

What is observer bias?

Answer 14

when the observer documents with personal bias influencing the interpretation of what was observed

Question 15

What are the 2 types of analysis bias

Answer 15

• type 1 error : null hypothesis was rejected when it was true
• type 2 error : null hypothesis was accepted when it was false

Question 16

Clinical significance is the ____ importance of research results

Answer 16

practical

Question 17

Clinical significance vs statistical significance

Answer 17

• clinical : variable - do the result of the study have genuine effects on the daily lives of pts or on health care decisions
• statistical : indicates likelihood the results occurred by chance

Question 18

change scores look at alterations in a pts ___ to a ___ ___ ___

Answer 18

baseline

follow up value

Question 19

for group level studies clinical significance can be gauged by what 3 things

Answer 19

• effect size index
• confidence interval - p value is not used
• number needed to treat

Question 20

to determine clinical significance for individual studies it requires a ____

Answer 20

benchmark

Question 21

Who decides the benchmark?

Answer 21

a panel of experts

Question 22

minimal important change is a method used to ___ ___ ___

Answer 22

define clinical significance

Question 23

What are the 3 ways to determine clinical significance for individual studies

Answer 23

• benchmark method
• ask pts what they think
• count 0.5 SD in a measure as clinically significant