CH 10 - Exam 2 Flashcards
A ___ ___ specifies how participants will be selected and how many to include.
It is usually located in the ___ section listed under ___ ___
- sampling plan
- methods
- study participants
When critiquing a sampling plan the research should describe what 5 things?
- type of sampling approach
- population
- eligibility criteria
- sample size w/ rationale
- description of the sample’s main characteristics
What is the response rate?
What is it compared to?
A low response rate = ___ (strong/weak) study with ___ (inc/dec) risk of bias
- the number of people that participated or responded in a study
- the number to people sampled
- weak
- inc
The ___ in PICO refers to the entire group that it represents
P : population
___ ___ specify the population characteristics allowed in a sample
eligibility criteria
What is the goal of a sample?
- to pick the correct number of individuals to represent the population at large
- a subset of population elements
___ ___ occurs when a certain population is not accurately represented in a sample
sampling bias
___ are mutually exclusive segments of a population based on a specific characteristic
strata
The population is nursing students :
ABSN / BSN are examples of ___
eligibility criteria that limited the sample to ABSN student with a previous degree in healthcare would result in ___ ___
- strata
- sampling bias
Non probability sampling selects elements by ___ methods in which every element ___ have a chance to be included
- nonrandom
- doesn’t
What are 4 examples of non-probability sampling?
- consecutive
- purposive
- convenience
- quota
What type of sampling selects the most conveniently available people as participants?
convenience
___ sampling is using strata information to figure out how to use balanced a sample.
quota
Identifying the percentage of males and females in the population and mating that in the sample would be what type of sampling?
quota
___ sampling is a type of non probability sampling method that recruits everyone from an accessible population over a period of time.
An accessible population is one available in a certain ___ or ___
- consecutive
- location or situation
If all of the patients on 1 unit in a hospital over the span of a month would be considered what type of population?
consecutive
What type of sampling do the researchers hand pick sample members based on traits in the population?
purposive
Will non probability sampling have bias? How does this effect the results?
yes - the results can be misleading
What type of sample (general) is expedient and have the easiest time being utilized to make a study?
non-probability samples
What type of sampling involves random selection of elements from a population where each element has an equal chance of being selected?
probability sampling
What are the 3 types of probability sampling?
- simple random
- stratified random
- systematic
A ___ ___ is a list of population elements
sampling frame
What type of probability sampling uses a tool to randomly pick elements from a sampling frame?
simple random
___ ___ sampling divides the population into 2 strata and then randomly selects samples from both strata
stratified random
___ sampling chooses to select a specific number such as every 4th person to participate
systematic
What is the only viable method of obtained a representative sample?
probability sampling
A __ analysis is a method for researchers to determine how large a sample size should be
power
Does a large sample size ensure that results are accurate? Why?
- no : if non probability sampling is used large sample sizes can still be inaccurate
T/F : a small sample size can support a conclusion if the sampling is perfectly random
false
What is self reported data?
AKA
- participants response to researchers questions
- patient reported data
Self reported interview data is collected with a formal written document ___ in ___ or by ____. interviews tend to get a ___ (lg/sm) response, and ___ (can/cannot) be completed by all positions of the population
- verbally
- person
- phone
- larger
- can
A questionnaire is when participants …
complete a form or survey themselves
What can be used for populations that are geographically dispersed and is less costly
questionnaire
____ method of data collection allows for anonymity
questionnaire
___ questions allow for specific responses and allow the results to be comparable
close-ended
what type of question can obtain richer detail but can be difficult to compare responses?
open ended
A ___ is a device that assign a numeric score to people along a continuum
scale
Any scale that has rating with options (strong agree, agree, etc) is an example of what type of scale
likert
A ___ ___ scale measures subjective experiences such as pain or fatigue
visual analog
The 0-10 pain scale is an example of what kind of scale
visual analog : the pt picks a spot on the scale to represent their pain
What 3 things can impact response set bias
- social desirability
- extreme responses
- acquisition response
___ ___ are the olny way to know how a person really feels/believes but can have ___ and ___ errors
- self report
- accuracy
- validity
The ___ ___ focuses on behaviors or events of interest to an observational study.
Can this type of study pick and choose behaviors to observe?
- category system
- yes
What instrument do researchers uses to record observations?
checklist
A ___ ___ is used to rate the behavior along a continuum to measure intensity instead of just a number of occurrences
rating scale
Observational sampling describes what?
when the observation period will occur
sampling that focuses on medication administration time is what type of observational sampling
event
In ___ measurements are preformed directly on the participants to obtain a value
vivo
In ___ takes something from the participant and analyzes it (blood for lab values)
vitro
Biosphysiologic measures are ___ (subjective/objective), ____ (accurate/inaccurate), and are ____ (very/not very) biased
- objective
- accurate
- not very
Do the instruments or scales used to collect data relate to the quality of data
yeah … duh
___ involves assigning number to represent the amount of an attribute present in a person or object
measurement
what 2 things are used to measure the effectiveness of a tool
- reliability
- validity
___ is the extent to which scores are free from measurement error.
reliability
___ ____ ____ provides the same measurement till to the same person at two different periods in time
test retest reliability
reliability can be influenced by the person if the score is based on ___. How do we combat this
- judgement
- have more than one person use the scale
___ ___ is measured by having multiple items address the same theme with rewording
internal consistency
___ is the degree to which an instrument measuring a concept is appropriate to measure.
validity
What is the difference between face, content, and criterion validity
- Face : instruments looks like it will measure the target construct
- Content : extent to which the instrument can adequately capture the target construct
- Criterion : extent to which scores are a good reflection of an ideal measure of a construct
