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z_A&P II: BIO426 > Ch 29: Development > Flashcards

Ch 29: Development Flashcards

1
Q

What are the steps of fertilization?

A
  • Sperm meets egg and secretes acrosome
  • Digestive enzymes of acrosome degrades protective zona pellucida layer
  • Sperm penetrates and delivers nuclueus
  • Zona pellucida instantly hardens becoming impermeable to any other sperm
  • Meoisis 2 is completed
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2
Q

Cleavage begins immediately at _____ and consists of what 3 stages?

A
  • Fertilization
  • 2-cell, 4-cell, and 8-cell stages.
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3
Q

Cleavage is the…

A

rapid mitosis/division of the zygote upon fertilization

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4
Q

Cells during the cleavage stage are _____.

A

pleuripotent.

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5
Q

If a cell is pleuripotent, it means…

A

that it has the potential to develop to be any cell in the body.

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6
Q

Cell pleuripotentcy is lost at what stage of cleavage?

A

8-cell

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7
Q

What occurs during the 2-cell stage of cleavage?

A
  • Proteins shift to one side
  • Cell splits in two
  • Protein per side may differ
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8
Q

What do the proteins in zygote regulate?

A
  • Gene expression
  • The ability of cells to make certian proteins
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9
Q

What are the characteristics of differentiation and determination?

A
  • Fate of what cells will become is determined
  • Some genes are turned off
  • This gives cells identity and function
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10
Q

True or False

As rapid mitosis occurs, the zygote continues to grow.

A

False

It stays the same size

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11
Q

What are the three stages of prenatal development?

A
  1. Preembryonic stage
  2. Embryonic stage
  3. Fetal stage
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12
Q

The preembryonic stage is subdivided into what four parts?

A
  1. Zygote
  2. Cleavage
  3. Morula
  4. Blastocysts
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13
Q

Define:

Zygote

A

A single diploid cell formed by the union of egg and sperm

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14
Q

Define:

Cleavage

A
  • Mitotic division of the zygote into smaller, identical blastomeres
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15
Q

Define:

Morula

A

A speroidal stage consisting of 16 or more blastomeres

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16
Q

Define:

Blastocyst

A
  • Fluid filled, spheroidal stage with an outer mass of trophoblast cells and inner mass of embryoblast cells
  • Becomes implanted nt he endometrium
  • Inner cell mass forms embryonic disc and
  • differentiates into three primary germ layers
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17
Q

Define:

Embryonic stage

A
  • A stage in which the primary germ layers differentiate into organs and organ systems
  • Ends when all organ systems are present
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18
Q

Define:

Fetal stage

A

A stage in which organs grow and mature at a cellular level to the point of being capable of supporting life independently of the mother.

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19
Q

The morula cells secrete fluid to form a _____, which form __ to __ days after fertilization.

A

blastocysts, 4-16

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20
Q

In a blastocyst, the inner layer is called the _____ and will become the ____. The outer cell layer consists of _____, which will become the _____.

A

inner cell mass, embryo, trophoblasts, embryonic membrane

21
Q

What are the four extra embryonic membranes? Give description of each.

A
  1. Chorion; outermost layer which fuses with endometrium upon implantation and will become placenta
  2. Amnion; fluid filled sac around embryo
  3. Yolk sac; non-functional
  4. Allantois; non-functional
22
Q

In its early development, the zygote gets its nutrients directly from the _____.

A

endometrium

23
Q

At what part of the preembryonic stage does implantation occur?

A

blastocyst

24
Q

Around day 15, the embryonic disc forms a thickened cell layer called the _____ along the midline.

A

primitive streak

25
Q

Cells migrate toward and into the primative streak to form…

A

three germ layers.

26
Q

Name the 3 primary germ layers that form from the primative streak.

A
  1. Ectoderm
  2. Mesoderm
  3. Endoderm
27
Q

The ectoderm germ layer is the _____ layer and will become _____.

A

outer, skin and nervous system

28
Q

The mesoderm germ layer is the _____ layer and will become _____.

A

middle, connective tissues and muscles

29
Q

The endoderm germ layer is the _____ layer and will become _____.

A

inner, digestive system

30
Q

The end of gastrulation is at __ days, and the zygote becomes ____.

A

16, an embryo

31
Q

Gastrulation is the start of the formation of the…

A

gastric/digestive system.

32
Q

Neurulation is….

A

the development of the nervous sytem

33
Q

Organogensis is…

A

the formation of the organs

34
Q

What are the characteristics of neurolation?

A
  • Begins in ectoderm
  • Primitive strek folds into a neural tube that runs the length of the embryo
  • Top becomes brain, rest is spinal cord
  • Ends around 3 weeks
35
Q

In organogensis, what occurs during the first four weeks?

A
  • Heart is formed and detectable by 3 weeks
  • Formation of limb buds
  • Eye development has started
36
Q

In organogensis, what occurs in weeks 5-7?

A
  • Full head development
  • Full eye development
  • Ears
  • Digits
37
Q

What has occured by the end of week 8?

A

Full species specific traits have been acquired.

38
Q

What are the developmental traits of the second trimester?

A
  • Facial movements
  • Sucking reflex
  • Hair
  • Eyelids and lashes by the end at six months
39
Q

What are the characteristics of the third trimester?

A
  • At 7 months
    • Eyes open
    • Little body fat
    • Underdeveloped lungs
    • Premature birth range
  • 8-9 months is when most growth occurs and systems mature for birth
40
Q

What are the characteristics of the premature birth range?

A
  • Begins at 7 months
  • Baby will require medical attention
  • Have underdeveloped lungs
  • Will require respiraters and heaters
41
Q

Birth is also known as _____/

A

Parturition

42
Q

What are the steps of fetal delivery?

A
  • Increasing levels of estrogen and progesterone from placenta, uterine stretching and pressure on cervix eventually lead to the secretion of oxytocin
  • Oxytocin initiates contractions
  • Continual pressure causes oxytocin secretion to continue creating positive feedback loop
  • Contractions continue in strength pushing fetus into birth canal and out of the body.
  • Placent is then delivered.
43
Q

Mammary glands produce _____ for the first __ to __ days after birth.

A

colostrum, 1-3.

44
Q

Colostrum contains the antibody _____.

Why is this important?

A
  • IgA
  • Provides systemic immunity for the first few days until mothers milk takes over
45
Q

What does prolactin do?

A

stimulates mammary gland to produce milk

46
Q

Secretion of prolactin starts in week __, and continues to…

A

5, increase during pregnancy

47
Q

By the end of pregnancy, prolactin levels are __ times than they were at start.

A

20 times

48
Q

What role does ocytocin play in nursing?

A
  • Causes milk ejection
  • Initiated by sucking
  • If no production, milk production will stop
  • If producing, volume will grow with baby to meet its needs

z_A&P II: BIO426 (31 decks)

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