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z_A&P II: BIO426 > Ch 24: Fluid, Electrolyte, pH Balance > Flashcards

Ch 24: Fluid, Electrolyte, pH Balance Flashcards

1
Q

Fluid, electrolyte and pH balance are critical in _____.

A

maintaining homeostasis.

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2
Q

Fluid balance refers to…

A

H2O balance

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3
Q

Our body’s are __% water

A

55%

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4
Q

__% of water in the body is intracellular.

A

65%

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5
Q

__% of water in the body is extracellular.

A

35%

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6
Q

The extraceluar fluid of our bodies consists of

A
  • water
  • blood/lymph
  • tissue fluid
  • transcelluar (moving between cells)
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7
Q

Water moves by _____.

A

osmosis

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8
Q

Water balance is directly related to _____.

A

electrolyte concentration

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9
Q

Water is always seeking _______ with the cells around it.

A

equilibrium

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10
Q

What are two sources of water for our bodies?

A
  1. Preformed Water… External, that is ingested
  2. Metabloic water as a result of cellular respiration
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11
Q

What are four ways our bodies get rid of excess water?

A
  1. Urine
  2. Feces
  3. Sweat
  4. Cutaneous transpiration - The insensible evaporation of water vapor through the skin.
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12
Q

How is the intake of water regulated?

A
  • Osmoreceptors: have the ability to respond to rising levels of osmolarity and produce ADH in response to retain H2O
  • Thirst receptors: stimulate H2O intake
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13
Q

How is water output regulated?

A
  • via urine production and always in conjunction with electrolytes
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14
Q

Balance prefix:

Define Hypo

A

too little

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15
Q

Balance prefix:

Define Hyper

A

too much

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16
Q

Balance prefix:

Define Norma

A

physiological levels (normal)

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17
Q

An electrolyte is a substance that…

A

conducts electricity when dissolved in water and are essential for a number of bodily functions.

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18
Q

Many automatic processes in the body rely on a small electric current to function, and _____ provide this charge.

A

electrolytes

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19
Q

Electrolytes interact with each other and the cells in the _____, _____, and _____.

A

tissues, nerves, and muscles.

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20
Q

The electrolytes in human bodies include:

A
  • sodium
  • potassium
  • calcium
  • chloride
  • phosphate
  • bicarbonate
  • magnesium

**The first five were given to us by professor and are testable. The last two I added in for general knowledge and are not part of the test.***

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21
Q

The electrolyte Sodium (Na) produces _____ and _____.

A

osmolarity and action potentials

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22
Q

The electrolyte Sodium (Na) is moved by _____, which cause _____ gradients around a cell.

Produces osmolarity and action potentials

Moved by at the cell membrane

imbalances are rare

A

Na/K+/ATP pumps, elecrical

23
Q

Potassium (K+) is most abundant in _____.

A

intercellular fluid

24
Q

Potassium is involved in…

A
  • active transport
  • resting potential
25
Q

Explain how Na/K+ exchange occurs.

A
  • Na moves into transmembrane protein.
  • When protein is full of Na, ATP releases phosphate, which attaches to the intercellular side of the transmembrane protein triggering the gate to open and release the Na.
  • Extracelluar K+ then moves into the open gate and when the protein is again full, the phosphate molecule is released, and the gate opens to let the K+ inter the cell
  • K and Na are both positively charged creating an action potential at the cell surface
26
Q

Potassium balance is linked to _____.

A

sodium

27
Q

Potassium is regulated by _____.

A

Aldosterone

28
Q

What are the two imbalances of Potassium called?

A
  1. Hyperkalemia
  2. Hypokalemia
29
Q

What are the characteristics of hyperkalemia?

A
  • high potassium levels caused by ruptured cells
  • high levels of potassium can excite neurons and short circuit cardiovascular system
30
Q

What are the characteristics of hypokalemia?

A
  • low levels of potassium
  • caused by diet deficiencies
  • causes neurons to be less excitable resulting in slower reaction to things
31
Q

Phosphates are found in

A

intercellular fluid (ICF)

32
Q

Phosphates are attached to _____ and are _____ when it is broken down.

A

ATP, released

33
Q

Our phosphates come from…

A

our diet

34
Q

Phosphates are regulated by…

A
  • Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
  • Calcium
35
Q

PTH & Ca both contribute to _____.

A

bone remodeling

36
Q

True or False

Phosphate balance is not as crucial as other electrolytes.

A

True

37
Q

pH is a measurement of…

A

hydrogen (H+) in a solution.

38
Q

Normal body pH is ___.

A

7.4

39
Q

A lower pH number indicates a solution is

A

more acidic/less basic

40
Q

A high pH indicates that a solution is

A

less acidic/more basic

41
Q

Strong acids dissociate in a solution, releasing _____ and _____ pH.

A

hydrogen, lowering

42
Q

Strong bases dissociate completely in a solution and release _____ which ____ pH by _____ hydrogen.

A

hydroxide ions, raise, consuming

43
Q

Weak acids dissociate _____ and can reach _____.

A

partially, equilibrium

44
Q

Carbonic acid dissociates into ____ and _____ and has a _____ effect on pH.

A

hydrogen, bicarbinate ions, weak

45
Q

What is a buffer?

A

A substance that resists change to pH by absorbing or donating hydrogen ions to stablize it.

46
Q

Physiological buffers refer to…

A

body systems that regulate pH by controlling body output of acids, bases and CO2

47
Q

What are two examples of physiological buffers?

A
  1. Respiratory system
  2. Urinary system
48
Q

Bicarbinate Buffer System

CO2 + H2O -> H2CO3 <=> H+ + HCO3

Increase of CO2, equilibrium goes _____, raising _____ and _____ pH.

A

goes right, hydrogen, reducing

49
Q

Bicarbinate Buffer System

CO2+ H2O -> H2CO3 <=> H+ + HCO3

_____ of CO2, equilibrium goes left, _____ hydrogen and _____ pH.

A

Decrease, lowering, raising

50
Q

What body’s system acts as a bicarbinate buffer system?

A

Respiratory

51
Q

Most common acid-base imbalances are _____ related.

A

respiratory

52
Q

If CO2 levels rise, pH levels _____, acid level _____, causing _____.

A

decrease, increase, acidosis

53
Q

If CO2 levels lower, pH levels _____, acid levels _____, causing _____.

A

increase, lower, alkalosis

z_A&P II: BIO426 (31 decks)

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