Ch 24: Fluid, Electrolyte, pH Balance Flashcards
Fluid, electrolyte and pH balance are critical in _____.
maintaining homeostasis.
Fluid balance refers to…
H2O balance
Our body’s are __% water
55%
__% of water in the body is intracellular.
65%
__% of water in the body is extracellular.
35%
The extraceluar fluid of our bodies consists of
- water
- blood/lymph
- tissue fluid
- transcelluar (moving between cells)
Water moves by _____.
osmosis
Water balance is directly related to _____.
electrolyte concentration
Water is always seeking _______ with the cells around it.
equilibrium
What are two sources of water for our bodies?
- Preformed Water… External, that is ingested
- Metabloic water as a result of cellular respiration
What are four ways our bodies get rid of excess water?
- Urine
- Feces
- Sweat
- Cutaneous transpiration - The insensible evaporation of water vapor through the skin.
How is the intake of water regulated?
- Osmoreceptors: have the ability to respond to rising levels of osmolarity and produce ADH in response to retain H2O
- Thirst receptors: stimulate H2O intake
How is water output regulated?
- via urine production and always in conjunction with electrolytes
Balance prefix:
Define Hypo
too little
Balance prefix:
Define Hyper
too much
Balance prefix:
Define Norma
physiological levels (normal)
An electrolyte is a substance that…
conducts electricity when dissolved in water and are essential for a number of bodily functions.
Many automatic processes in the body rely on a small electric current to function, and _____ provide this charge.
electrolytes
Electrolytes interact with each other and the cells in the _____, _____, and _____.
tissues, nerves, and muscles.
The electrolytes in human bodies include:
- sodium
- potassium
- calcium
- chloride
- phosphate
- bicarbonate
- magnesium
**The first five were given to us by professor and are testable. The last two I added in for general knowledge and are not part of the test.***
The electrolyte Sodium (Na) produces _____ and _____.
osmolarity and action potentials
The electrolyte Sodium (Na) is moved by _____, which cause _____ gradients around a cell.
Produces osmolarity and action potentials
Moved by at the cell membrane
imbalances are rare
Na/K+/ATP pumps, elecrical
Potassium (K+) is most abundant in _____.
intercellular fluid
Potassium is involved in…
- active transport
- resting potential
Explain how Na/K+ exchange occurs.
- Na moves into transmembrane protein.
- When protein is full of Na, ATP releases phosphate, which attaches to the intercellular side of the transmembrane protein triggering the gate to open and release the Na.
- Extracelluar K+ then moves into the open gate and when the protein is again full, the phosphate molecule is released, and the gate opens to let the K+ inter the cell
- K and Na are both positively charged creating an action potential at the cell surface
Potassium balance is linked to _____.
sodium
Potassium is regulated by _____.
Aldosterone
What are the two imbalances of Potassium called?
- Hyperkalemia
- Hypokalemia
What are the characteristics of hyperkalemia?
- high potassium levels caused by ruptured cells
- high levels of potassium can excite neurons and short circuit cardiovascular system
What are the characteristics of hypokalemia?
- low levels of potassium
- caused by diet deficiencies
- causes neurons to be less excitable resulting in slower reaction to things
Phosphates are found in
intercellular fluid (ICF)
Phosphates are attached to _____ and are _____ when it is broken down.
ATP, released
Our phosphates come from…
our diet
Phosphates are regulated by…
- Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
- Calcium
PTH & Ca both contribute to _____.
bone remodeling
True or False
Phosphate balance is not as crucial as other electrolytes.
True
pH is a measurement of…
hydrogen (H+) in a solution.
Normal body pH is ___.
7.4
A lower pH number indicates a solution is
more acidic/less basic
A high pH indicates that a solution is
less acidic/more basic
Strong acids dissociate in a solution, releasing _____ and _____ pH.
hydrogen, lowering
Strong bases dissociate completely in a solution and release _____ which ____ pH by _____ hydrogen.
hydroxide ions, raise, consuming
Weak acids dissociate _____ and can reach _____.
partially, equilibrium
Carbonic acid dissociates into ____ and _____ and has a _____ effect on pH.
hydrogen, bicarbinate ions, weak
What is a buffer?
A substance that resists change to pH by absorbing or donating hydrogen ions to stablize it.
Physiological buffers refer to…
body systems that regulate pH by controlling body output of acids, bases and CO2
What are two examples of physiological buffers?
- Respiratory system
- Urinary system
Bicarbinate Buffer System
CO2 + H2O -> H2CO3 <=> H+ + HCO3
Increase of CO2, equilibrium goes _____, raising _____ and _____ pH.
goes right, hydrogen, reducing
Bicarbinate Buffer System
CO2+ H2O -> H2CO3 <=> H+ + HCO3
_____ of CO2, equilibrium goes left, _____ hydrogen and _____ pH.
Decrease, lowering, raising
What body’s system acts as a bicarbinate buffer system?
Respiratory
Most common acid-base imbalances are _____ related.
respiratory
If CO2 levels rise, pH levels _____, acid level _____, causing _____.
decrease, increase, acidosis
If CO2 levels lower, pH levels _____, acid levels _____, causing _____.
increase, lower, alkalosis
