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z_A&P II: BIO426 > Ch 20_Exam 1: Blood Vessels > Flashcards

Ch 20_Exam 1: Blood Vessels Flashcards

1
Q

Name the 3 main types of blood vessels.

A
  1. Arteries
  2. Veins
  3. Capillaries
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2
Q

The following describes what kind of blood vessel?

  • Connection between arteries and veins
  • Smallest vessels (1 cell thick)
  • Diffusion occurs here
  • Only have tunica intima
A

Capillaries

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3
Q

The following describes what kind of blood vessel?

  • Carry blood away from heart
  • Very thick to absorb pressure
A

Arteries

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4
Q

The following describes what kind of blood vessel?

  • Carry blood too the heart
  • Less pressure so not as thick
A

Veins

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5
Q

What are the 3 layers that make up arteries and veins?

A
  1. Tunica Intima
  2. Tunica Media
  3. Tunica Externa
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6
Q

The following describes what layer of blood vessel tunica?

  • Middle layer made of smooth muscle
  • Controls vasoconstriction and vasodilation
A

Tunica Media

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7
Q

The following describes what layer of blood vessel tunica?

  • Connective tissue of collagen fibers
  • For protection
A

Tunica Externa

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8
Q

The following describes what layer of blood vessel tunica?

  • Endothelial layer continuous with epicardium
A

Tunica Interna

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9
Q

Which blood vessels have valves to prevent backflow?

A

Veins

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10
Q

Which blood vessels are meant to withstand the pressure of the heart beat?

A

Artery

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11
Q

If you feel a pulse, is the vessel a vein or artery?

A

Artery

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12
Q

Which vessel type is the site of exchange/diffusion?

A

Capillary

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13
Q

Name the 3 types of arteries from largest to smallest.

A
  • Conducting
  • Distributing
  • Resistant
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14
Q

Describe conducting arteries.

A
  • largest/elastic
  • Can expand & recoil pending on volume of blood being pushed through (not to be confused with vasodialation/constriction)
  • Pressure reservoir
  • Ex. Aorta, pulmonary trunk, carotid
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15
Q

Describe distributing arteries.

A
  • Branch off conducting arteries
  • Smaller in diameter
  • Pressure is lower than conducting
  • These will perform vasodilation/constriction
  • Ex. Brachial, femoral,
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16
Q

Describe resistant arteries.

A
  • Branch off distributing arteries
  • Smallest (of all arteries) are called aterioles
  • Contain pre-capillary sphincter
  • Circular muscles can contract and close a lumen
  • Can stop blood flow to capillaries
  • Major control point
  • Don’t have names as they are too numerous
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17
Q

Which arteries can contain sensory detectors for blood pressure? Why?

A

The Carotid and Aorta to ensure that pressure is high enough.

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18
Q

T or F

Sensory detectors in the arteries make sure blood pressure doesn’t get too high.

A

False.

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19
Q

What are the 3 types of capillaries?

A
  1. Continuous
  2. Fenestrated
  3. Sinusoid
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20
Q

Describe continuous capillaries.

A
  • Contain smooth and continuous endothelium
  • Exchange through diffusion but limited to molecules that are small enough and allowed to pass through (semi-permeable)
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21
Q

Describe fenestrated capillaries

A
  • Large pores in endothelial layer
  • Pores allow other molecules to be exchanged
  • Can still diffuse, but allows more due to pores
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22
Q

Describe sinusoid capillaries.

A
  • Wide gaps in endothelial layer
  • Allow large molecules/cells to be exchanged
  • Meshlike
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23
Q

Capilary beds are a major _______ point.

A

control

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24
Q

Blood flow to any tissue is going to be controlled by…

A

pre-capillary sphincters found on the arteriole side of the capillary bed.

25
Q

The three methods of capillary exchange are…

A
  1. Diffusion
  2. Transcytosis
  3. Filtration/Reabsorbtion
26
Q

Explain capillary exchange through diffusion.

A

Simple laws of diffusion (pressure) drive molecules through the endothelial wall.

27
Q

T or F

Capillary exchange via exocytosis is via passive transport.

A

False

28
Q

Explain capillary exchange through filtration and reabsorbtion.

A

The slight pressure in the capillaries can force some fluid out of the capillaries (intersticial fluid) which is reabsorbed by small veins on the other side of the capillaries.

29
Q

What are the three circulation patterns for capillary beds and explain the flow of each.

A
  1. Simple pathway: artery>capillary bed>vein
  2. Portal system: artery>capillary bed>portal vein>capillary bed>vein
  3. Anastomosis: Multiple blood vessels leading to a capillary bed (on arterial and veinous sides) that ensures tissues get blood required even if vessels are damaged
30
Q

How is blood pressure defined and measured by?

A

The force exerted on the vessel wall by blood flow and is measured in mmHg

31
Q

Why must the body maintain an adequate blood pressure?

A

To be able to deliver blood to tissues.

32
Q

Blood pressure terms:

What is blood flow?

A

The volume of blood flowing to a particular region

33
Q

Blood pressure terms:

What is perfusion?

A

Flow of blood per given volume

34
Q

Blood pressure terms:

What is resistance?

A

Opposition to blood flow.

The amount of restriction blood flow is exposed to.

35
Q

In systemic blood pressure, blood flows from _____ pressure to _____ pressure.

A

high to low

36
Q

In measuring blood pressure, what do the two numbers represent?

A

The higher number is sistole. The amount of pressure exerted on contraction.

The lower number is diastole. The amount of pressure exerted on relaxation.

37
Q

What is an ideal blood pressure measurement?

A

120/80

38
Q

Is arterial or veinous blood flow measured when taking blood pressure?

A

Arterial

39
Q

Blood pressure measurement is of the

a. Pulmonary circulatory system
b. Systemic circulatory system

A

b.

40
Q

What is the formula for Pulse Pressure?

A

PP = Sistole - Diastole

41
Q

What three ways is veins transport blood back to the heart?

Briefly explain each.

A
  1. Muscular pumps: Skeletal muscles around veins help push blood along
  2. Respiratory pumps: Diaphragm pushes on vena cava to push blood along
  3. Sympathetic vasoconstriction: Vascular smooth muscle contracts to move blood along
42
Q

What three ways does the body regulate blood pressure?

A
  1. Local control
  2. Neural control
  3. Hormonal control
43
Q

Blood pressure regulation:

Define Local control

A

This is done through autoregulation - the ability of tissues to control blood flow to themselves

44
Q

Blood pressure regulation:

What are the two theories of autoregulation in Local control?

A
  1. Metabolic theory: low levels of O2 (hypoxia) and metabolic wastes build up will cause vasodilation and increased blood flow to the area
  2. Myogenic theory: smooth muscles can detect stretch from high pressure and constrict in response
45
Q

Blood pressure regulation

What organ controls blood pressure within Neural control?

A

Medulla Oblongata

46
Q

Blood pressure regulation

What systems regulate blood pressure in Neural control?

A

Central Nervous System/Autonomic Nervous System

via Sympathetic and Parasympatheic systems

47
Q

Blood pressure regulation

In Neural control, the sympathetic nervous system _______ blood pressure.

A

Increases

48
Q

Blood pressure regulation

In Neural control, the parasympathetic nervous system _______ blood pressure.

A

Decreases

49
Q

Blood pressure regulation

In Hormonal control, hormones can cause _______ and _______ of blood vessels to control blood pressure.

A

vasoconstriction and dilation

50
Q

Blood pressure regulation

In Hormonal control, hormones regulate _______ balance, which determines blood volume.

A

H2O

51
Q

An increase in blood volume will cause a ________ in blood pressure.

A

increase

52
Q

Why does dehydration lower blood pressure.

A

Because water is removed from system thus lowering overall blood volume.

53
Q

Angiotensis II is a hormone that is a…

A

powerful vasoconstrictor

54
Q

Aldosterone is hormone responsible for _______ and thus _______.

A

salt retention, water retention

55
Q

ADDH is an _______ that is responsible for _______ retention.

A

anti-diuretic, water

56
Q

Epinephrine, also known as _______ , effects _______.

A

adrenaline, vasoconstriction

57
Q

Circulatory shock is when…

A

cardiac output is insufficient to meet your body’s needs.

58
Q

Name the 3 types of Circulatory Shock and briefly explain each.

A
  1. Hypovolemic shock: too little blood volume that leads to low blood pressure and can be caused from loss of blood, burns and vomiting
  2. Vascular shock: extreme vasodilation whih leads to low blood pressure and anaphylactic shock. Can be caused by sunburns.
  3. Cardiogenic shock: functional heart failure.

z_A&P II: BIO426 (31 decks)

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