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z_A&P II: BIO426 > Ch 28: Female Reproduction > Flashcards

Ch 28: Female Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

Main purposes of the female reproductive system are…

A
  • Production of gametes (ovum)
  • Support development of offspring
  • Deliver offspring
  • Feed offspring
  • Provide hormones to support all activities
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2
Q

The main parts of the female reproductive systerm are…

A
  • Ovary
  • Fallopian tubes
  • Uterus
  • Cervix
  • Vagina
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3
Q

The ovary is the site of…

A

gamete production

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4
Q

The _____ is the outer membrane of the ovary that is continuous with the peritneum.

A

Tunica albuginea

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5
Q

What are the two divisions of the ovary, and their purposes.

A
  1. Cortex; gamete site of production
  2. Medulla; blood supply
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6
Q

Characteristics of the fallopian tubes

A
  • Tubes leading from ovary to uterus
  • Path of travel for secondary oocyte to be fertilized or die
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7
Q

What is the path of of the secondary oocyte from the ovary?

A

Ovary > Fimbriae > Infundibulum > Fallopian tube > Uterus

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8
Q

Where does fertilization occur?

A

In the fallopian tube

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9
Q

How does the egg travel in the fallopian tube?

A

Through the combination of its cilliated epithelum and smooth muscle contraction.

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10
Q

The uterus is the site of ______ and is a muscular chamber made of __ layers.

A

offspring development, 3

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11
Q

What are the three layers of the uterus?

A
  1. Perimetrium; outer serus layer
  2. Myometrium; muscle layer
  3. Endometrium; internal lining
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12
Q

The endometrium consists of __ layers called…

A
  • 2 layers
  • Stratum functionalis
  • Stratum basal
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13
Q

Describe the relationship between the stratum functionalis and basal layers of the endometrium.

A
  • Stratum functionalis is the superficial layer and is shed each menstrual period.
  • Stratum basal is the deeper layer that generates a new stratum functionalis every cycle.
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14
Q

Explain the characteristics of the uterine artery

A
  • Branch of internal iliac artery, which goes to the
  • arcuate artery, which goes to the
  • Spiral artery
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15
Q

Describe the function of the spiral artery

A
  • Can constrict or dilate
  • Causes change in thickness of the stratum functionalis
  • Controls uterine cycle
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16
Q

What role do estrogen and progesterone play in the uterine cycle?

A

There secretion causes the sprial artery to dilate, which causes the growth of the strum functionalis.

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17
Q

What is the purpose to the growth of the stratum functionalis?

A

To prepare the uterus for implantation.

18
Q

What produces the estrogen and progesterone for the uterine cycle?

A

Corpus luteum

19
Q

How long does the corpus luteum live?

A

15 days after ovulation

20
Q

What happens when the corpus luteum dies?

A

Estrogen and progesterone levels drop.

21
Q

What happens as a result of the reduction of estrogen and progesterone when the corpus luteum dies?

A

The spiral artery shuts down and stops supplying blood to the stratum functionalis, which is then shed in menstruation.

22
Q

What are the characteristics of the cervix?

A
  • Opening of the uterus
  • Contains the cervical canal
  • Leads to vagina
23
Q

What are the characteristics of the vagina?

A
  • Dorsal to and separate from the urethra
  • Inner walls contain rugae, folded membrane that work as friction ridges
24
Q

What is the purpose of the vagina?

A

Intercourse and Birth

25
Q

_____ control the ovarian cycle.

A

Hormones

26
Q

What are the 3 phases of the ovarian cycle?

A
  1. Fallicular phase
  2. Ovulation phase
  3. Luteal phase
27
Q

During the fallicular phase, follicle cells secrete _____, which inhibits _____, the reduction of which stimulates the release of _____, which stimulates ovulation.

A

estrogen, FSH, LH

28
Q

What happens at the ovulation phase?

A

The egg is released to the fallopian tube and the follicle layer becomes the corpus luteum.

29
Q

What occurs during the luteal phase?

A
  • Corpus luteum releases estrogen and progesterone until it dies
  • E and P promote endometrium growth and inhibits FSH and LH so the egg can implant if fertilized
  • Corpus luteum dies
  • E and P drop, cutting off blood supply to endometrium
  • Endometrium sheds in menstruation
  • FSH + LH increase and start a new ovarian cycle
30
Q

What two possiblites occur after ovulation?

A
  1. Fertilization
  2. Non-fertilization
31
Q

What happens if the egg is not fertilized?

A
  • Secondary oocyte will die
  • Corpus luteum dies
  • Reduction of estrogen and progesterone levels
  • Reduction of e and p cause FH/LH levels to rise
  • New egg cell maturation begins
  • period occurs, roughly every 28 days
32
Q

What happens if the egg is fertilized?

A
  • Egg and sperm fuse their nuclei
  • Haploid egg and haploid sperm become one diploid cell
  • New diploid cell is called zygote
33
Q

The two simultaneous paths taken in maturing an eggcells are…

A
  • Oogensis: deals with oocyte development
  • Folliculogensis: deals with the folliclular cell development
34
Q

What are the 5 steps of egg maturation?

A
  1. Priomordial Follical
  2. Primary Folicle
  3. Secondary Follicle
  4. Tertiary/Mature Follicle
  5. Ovulation
35
Q

What are the characteristics of the primordial follicle stage?

A
  • Diploid oogonia
  • Single layer of follicular cells
  • Undergoes Mitosis (before birth)
  • Still diploid, still single layer of follicle cells
  • Ends with Meiosis 1 started
  • It ends stage as Primary follicle w/ primary oocyte
36
Q

What are the characteristics of the primary follicle stage?

A
  • Follicle layer undergoes mitosis and becomes a multilayered granulosum around oocyte
  • Oocyte completes Meiosis 1
  • Ends phase as a secondary follicle w/ a haploid secondary oocyte.
37
Q

What are the characteristics of the secondary follicle stage?

A
  • Meosis 1 concluded with haploid secondary oocyte w/ polar body
  • Polar body dies
  • The follicle cells secrete zona pellucida, a protective covering, over the oocyte
  • Stage ends with meiotic arrest of secondary oocyte and process moves to next step as tertiary follicle
38
Q

What are the characteristics of the tertiary follicle stage?

A
  • Secondary oocyte is unchanged
  • Follicles secrete fluid forming antrum around oogcyte
  • Follicle is mature/seocndary oocyte ready for ovulation
39
Q

What are the characteristics of the ovulation stage?

A
  • LH is released and causes follicle to rupture
  • Secondary oocyte is released from ovary to fallopian tube
  • Follicle becomes corpus luteum
  • Ovulation complete
40
Q

What happens after the ovulation stage?

A
  • If the secondary oocyte is not fertilized, it will die
  • If it is fertilized, it goes through Meiosis 2
  • As a result, it sheds a second polar body that dies
  • The secondary oocyte has now become a zygote and moves along to the uterus for implantation

z_A&P II: BIO426 (31 decks)

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