Ch 28: Female Reproduction Flashcards
Main purposes of the female reproductive system are…
- Production of gametes (ovum)
- Support development of offspring
- Deliver offspring
- Feed offspring
- Provide hormones to support all activities
The main parts of the female reproductive systerm are…
- Ovary
- Fallopian tubes
- Uterus
- Cervix
- Vagina
The ovary is the site of…
gamete production
The _____ is the outer membrane of the ovary that is continuous with the peritneum.
Tunica albuginea
What are the two divisions of the ovary, and their purposes.
- Cortex; gamete site of production
- Medulla; blood supply
Characteristics of the fallopian tubes
- Tubes leading from ovary to uterus
- Path of travel for secondary oocyte to be fertilized or die
What is the path of of the secondary oocyte from the ovary?
Ovary > Fimbriae > Infundibulum > Fallopian tube > Uterus
Where does fertilization occur?
In the fallopian tube
How does the egg travel in the fallopian tube?
Through the combination of its cilliated epithelum and smooth muscle contraction.
The uterus is the site of ______ and is a muscular chamber made of __ layers.
offspring development, 3
What are the three layers of the uterus?
- Perimetrium; outer serus layer
- Myometrium; muscle layer
- Endometrium; internal lining
The endometrium consists of __ layers called…
- 2 layers
- Stratum functionalis
- Stratum basal
Describe the relationship between the stratum functionalis and basal layers of the endometrium.
- Stratum functionalis is the superficial layer and is shed each menstrual period.
- Stratum basal is the deeper layer that generates a new stratum functionalis every cycle.
Explain the characteristics of the uterine artery
- Branch of internal iliac artery, which goes to the
- arcuate artery, which goes to the
- Spiral artery
Describe the function of the spiral artery
- Can constrict or dilate
- Causes change in thickness of the stratum functionalis
- Controls uterine cycle
What role do estrogen and progesterone play in the uterine cycle?
There secretion causes the sprial artery to dilate, which causes the growth of the strum functionalis.
What is the purpose to the growth of the stratum functionalis?
To prepare the uterus for implantation.
What produces the estrogen and progesterone for the uterine cycle?
Corpus luteum
How long does the corpus luteum live?
15 days after ovulation
What happens when the corpus luteum dies?
Estrogen and progesterone levels drop.
What happens as a result of the reduction of estrogen and progesterone when the corpus luteum dies?
The spiral artery shuts down and stops supplying blood to the stratum functionalis, which is then shed in menstruation.
What are the characteristics of the cervix?
- Opening of the uterus
- Contains the cervical canal
- Leads to vagina
What are the characteristics of the vagina?
- Dorsal to and separate from the urethra
- Inner walls contain rugae, folded membrane that work as friction ridges
What is the purpose of the vagina?
Intercourse and Birth
_____ control the ovarian cycle.
Hormones
What are the 3 phases of the ovarian cycle?
- Fallicular phase
- Ovulation phase
- Luteal phase
During the fallicular phase, follicle cells secrete _____, which inhibits _____, the reduction of which stimulates the release of _____, which stimulates ovulation.
estrogen, FSH, LH
What happens at the ovulation phase?
The egg is released to the fallopian tube and the follicle layer becomes the corpus luteum.
What occurs during the luteal phase?
- Corpus luteum releases estrogen and progesterone until it dies
- E and P promote endometrium growth and inhibits FSH and LH so the egg can implant if fertilized
- Corpus luteum dies
- E and P drop, cutting off blood supply to endometrium
- Endometrium sheds in menstruation
- FSH + LH increase and start a new ovarian cycle
What two possiblites occur after ovulation?
- Fertilization
- Non-fertilization
What happens if the egg is not fertilized?
- Secondary oocyte will die
- Corpus luteum dies
- Reduction of estrogen and progesterone levels
- Reduction of e and p cause FH/LH levels to rise
- New egg cell maturation begins
- period occurs, roughly every 28 days
What happens if the egg is fertilized?
- Egg and sperm fuse their nuclei
- Haploid egg and haploid sperm become one diploid cell
- New diploid cell is called zygote
The two simultaneous paths taken in maturing an eggcells are…
- Oogensis: deals with oocyte development
- Folliculogensis: deals with the folliclular cell development
What are the 5 steps of egg maturation?
- Priomordial Follical
- Primary Folicle
- Secondary Follicle
- Tertiary/Mature Follicle
- Ovulation
What are the characteristics of the primordial follicle stage?
- Diploid oogonia
- Single layer of follicular cells
- Undergoes Mitosis (before birth)
- Still diploid, still single layer of follicle cells
- Ends with Meiosis 1 started
- It ends stage as Primary follicle w/ primary oocyte
What are the characteristics of the primary follicle stage?
- Follicle layer undergoes mitosis and becomes a multilayered granulosum around oocyte
- Oocyte completes Meiosis 1
- Ends phase as a secondary follicle w/ a haploid secondary oocyte.
What are the characteristics of the secondary follicle stage?
- Meosis 1 concluded with haploid secondary oocyte w/ polar body
- Polar body dies
- The follicle cells secrete zona pellucida, a protective covering, over the oocyte
- Stage ends with meiotic arrest of secondary oocyte and process moves to next step as tertiary follicle
What are the characteristics of the tertiary follicle stage?
- Secondary oocyte is unchanged
- Follicles secrete fluid forming antrum around oogcyte
- Follicle is mature/seocndary oocyte ready for ovulation
What are the characteristics of the ovulation stage?
- LH is released and causes follicle to rupture
- Secondary oocyte is released from ovary to fallopian tube
- Follicle becomes corpus luteum
- Ovulation complete
What happens after the ovulation stage?
- If the secondary oocyte is not fertilized, it will die
- If it is fertilized, it goes through Meiosis 2
- As a result, it sheds a second polar body that dies
- The secondary oocyte has now become a zygote and moves along to the uterus for implantation
