Ch 26: Nutrition Flashcards
The purpose of nutrition and metabolism is to…
acquire the raw materials to produce energy for growth, repair, and development of all aspects of the body.
Define what is meant by energy balance.
Input = Output
(You use what you eat without surplus or shortage)
Appetite is…
a desire to ingest food that is regulated by a number of hormones and gut proteins
What are the two types of appetite?
- Short-term
- Long-term
What are the three hormones that regulate short-term appetite?
- Ghrelin
- Peptide 44
- Cholecystokinin (CCK)
Characteristics of Ghrelin?
- It is an Orexogenic hormone
- Produced by empty stomach
- Tells brain you need to eat
Characteristics of Peptide 44?
- Secreted by stomach enteroendocrine cells
- It is an Anorexigenic hormone
Characteristics of Cholecystokinin (CCK)?
- Enteroendocrine cells secrete
- It is an Anorexigenic hormone
What does an orexogenic hormone do?
- Promotes hunger
- Tells you to eat
What does an Anorexigenic hormone do?
- Promotes feeling of fullness/satisfaction
- Tells you to stop eating
What are the two hormones involved in long-term appetite?
- Leptin
- Insulin
Characteristics of Leptin?
- Anorexigenic hormone
- Appetite supressor
- Secreted by adipose dissue
Characteristics of Insulin?
- Promotes glucose uptake in cells
- Appetite suppressant
- Anorexigenic hormone
What is the neurotransmitters role in appetite management?
- It involves the release of dopamine when you eat and makes you feel good.
- It can over-ride all other hormones involved in appetite regulation
Term
What is the difference between calorie and Calorie?
- calorie is a unit of energy used in physics
- Calorie is a unit of energy in nutrition/metabolism and is actually kilocalories when compred to physics calorie
What are macronutrients?
Parts of food that are going to be broken down to release energy.
What are the three major macronutrients?
- Carbohydrates
- Lipids
- Proteins
Carbohydrates contain
- Simple sugars
- Polysaccharides
- Fiber
Simple sugars contain _____ which is used for _____.
glucose, cellular energy
Ploysaccharides contain chains of _____ like startch, which can be broken down into _____ by _____.
glucose, glocose, amylase
Fiber is made of chains of glucose, but their arrangement makes them _____.
non-digestible
Fiber is insoluble and will bulk up waste which…
stimulates stretch receptors in the colon, triggering movement toward elimination.
Pectin, a _____ , is indigestible and soluble which is not so good for waste movement in the colon.
Why?
- polysaccharide
- It does not bulk up and cause the large intestines to stretch
Lipds are also known as…
triglycerides
Lipids are _____, and don’t dissolve in water.
hydrophobic
Lipds are made of ____, of which three _____ acids are attached.
glucose, fatty
Lipids are densely ____ and do not absorb ____.
packed, H2O
Lipds are required for…
- Vitamin absorption
- Cholesterol production
- Phospholipid production
What is meant by essential fatty acids?
- The body cannot synthesize them
- Must be ingested
- All can be found in animal products
- Some can be found in plants
Lipds are carried in…
lipoproteins
Lipoproteins have a _____ core wrapped in a _____.
- hydrophobic colesterol
- protein coat
What are the two main types of lipoproteins?
- High density lipoproteins
- Low density lipoproteins
Characterstics of high density lipoproteins…
- Produced in liver as empty protein shell
- Leaves liver to circulate in blood and pick up cholesterol
- Brings lipids back to liver
Characteristics of low-density lipoproteins…
- Carry cholesterol to tissues instead of liver
- Dangerous as this cholesterol may get dropped off in blood vessels where they can form plaque
Proteins are composed of chains of _____, of which there are __ different types.
amino acids, 20
Most amino acids can be _____, but there are __ essential amino acids that must be ingested.
synthesized, 8
__% of body mass is protein
15%
We must have all 20 types of amino acids to build required protein. These amino acids can be ingested from
animal products and some from plants.
Micronutrients ____ required for energy.
are not
What are the two groups of micronutrients?
- Minerals
- Elements
Which elements promote osmolarity?
Na and Cl
(Sodium and Chlorine)
Which minerals promote bone formation/remodeling?
Ca and PO4
(Calcium and Phosphate)
What mineral is used to carry O2 in blood?
Fe
(Iron)
Which minerals are co-factors for enzymes?
Mg and Mn
(Magnesium and Manganese)
Vitamins act as _____/_____ for metabolism.
cofactors/coenzymes
Most vitamines are required to be _____, but some can be _____.
ingested, synthesized
Which three vitamins can the body produce?
Include what they are produced by.
- Vitamin D: Produced by keratinocytes
- Vitamin A: Produced from carotene
- Vitamain K, biotin, and folic acid: produced by bacteria in large intestines
