Ch 26: Nutrition

Question 1

The purpose of nutrition and metabolism is to…

Answer 1

acquire the raw materials to produce energy for growth, repair, and development of all aspects of the body.

Question 2

Define what is meant by energy balance.

Answer 2

Input = Output

(You use what you eat without surplus or shortage)

Question 3

Appetite is…

Answer 3

a desire to ingest food that is regulated by a number of hormones and gut proteins

Question 4

What are the two types of appetite?

Answer 4

1. Short-term
2. Long-term

Question 5

What are the three hormones that regulate short-term appetite?

Answer 5

1. Ghrelin
2. Peptide 44
3. Cholecystokinin (CCK)

Question 6

Characteristics of Ghrelin?

Answer 6

• It is an Orexogenic hormone
• Produced by empty stomach
• Tells brain you need to eat

Question 7

Characteristics of Peptide 44?

Answer 7

• Secreted by stomach enteroendocrine cells
• It is an Anorexigenic hormone

Question 8

Characteristics of Cholecystokinin (CCK)?

Answer 8

• Enteroendocrine cells secrete
• It is an Anorexigenic hormone

Question 9

What does an orexogenic hormone do?

Answer 9

• Promotes hunger
• Tells you to eat

Question 10

What does an Anorexigenic hormone do?

Answer 10

• Promotes feeling of fullness/satisfaction
• Tells you to stop eating

Question 11

What are the two hormones involved in long-term appetite?

Answer 11

1. Leptin
2. Insulin

Question 12

Characteristics of Leptin?

Answer 12

• Anorexigenic hormone
• Appetite supressor
• Secreted by adipose dissue

Question 13

Characteristics of Insulin?

Answer 13

• Promotes glucose uptake in cells
• Appetite suppressant
• Anorexigenic hormone

Question 14

What is the neurotransmitters role in appetite management?

Answer 14

• It involves the release of dopamine when you eat and makes you feel good.
• It can over-ride all other hormones involved in appetite regulation

Question 15

Term

What is the difference between calorie and Calorie?

Answer 15

• calorie is a unit of energy used in physics
• Calorie is a unit of energy in nutrition/metabolism and is actually kilocalories when compred to physics calorie

Question 16

What are macronutrients?

Answer 16

Parts of food that are going to be broken down to release energy.

Question 17

What are the three major macronutrients?

Answer 17

1. Carbohydrates
2. Lipids
3. Proteins

Question 18

Carbohydrates contain

Answer 18

• Simple sugars
• Polysaccharides
• Fiber

Question 19

Simple sugars contain _____ which is used for _____.

Answer 19

glucose, cellular energy

Question 20

Ploysaccharides contain chains of _____ like startch, which can be broken down into _____ by _____.

Answer 20

glucose, glocose, amylase

Question 21

Fiber is made of chains of glucose, but their arrangement makes them _____.

Answer 21

non-digestible

Question 22

Fiber is insoluble and will bulk up waste which…

Answer 22

stimulates stretch receptors in the colon, triggering movement toward elimination.

Question 23

Pectin, a _____ , is indigestible and soluble which is not so good for waste movement in the colon.

Why?

Answer 23

• polysaccharide
• It does not bulk up and cause the large intestines to stretch

Question 24

Lipds are also known as…

Answer 24

triglycerides

Question 25

Lipids are _____, and don’t dissolve in water.

Answer 25

hydrophobic

Question 26

Lipds are made of ____, of which three _____ acids are attached.

Answer 26

glucose, fatty

Question 27

Lipids are densely ____ and do not absorb ____.

Answer 27

packed, H2O

Question 28

Lipds are required for…

Answer 28

• Vitamin absorption
• Cholesterol production
• Phospholipid production

Question 29

What is meant by essential fatty acids?

Answer 29

• The body cannot synthesize them
• Must be ingested
• All can be found in animal products
• Some can be found in plants

Question 30

Lipds are carried in…

Answer 30

lipoproteins

Question 31

Lipoproteins have a _____ core wrapped in a _____.

Answer 31

• hydrophobic colesterol
• protein coat

Question 32

What are the two main types of lipoproteins?

Answer 32

1. High density lipoproteins
2. Low density lipoproteins

Question 33

Characterstics of high density lipoproteins…

Answer 33

• Produced in liver as empty protein shell
• Leaves liver to circulate in blood and pick up cholesterol
• Brings lipids back to liver

Question 34

Characteristics of low-density lipoproteins…

Answer 34

• Carry cholesterol to tissues instead of liver
• Dangerous as this cholesterol may get dropped off in blood vessels where they can form plaque

Question 35

Proteins are composed of chains of _____, of which there are __ different types.

Answer 35

amino acids, 20

Question 36

Most amino acids can be _____, but there are __ essential amino acids that must be ingested.

Answer 36

synthesized, 8

Question 37

__% of body mass is protein

Answer 37

15%

Question 38

We must have all 20 types of amino acids to build required protein. These amino acids can be ingested from

Answer 38

animal products and some from plants.

Question 39

Micronutrients ____ required for energy.

Answer 39

are not

Question 40

What are the two groups of micronutrients?

Answer 40

1. Minerals
2. Elements

Question 41

Which elements promote osmolarity?

Answer 41

Na and Cl

(Sodium and Chlorine)

Question 42

Which minerals promote bone formation/remodeling?

Answer 42

Ca and PO₄

(Calcium and Phosphate)

Question 43

What mineral is used to carry O₂ in blood?

Answer 43

Fe

(Iron)

Question 44

Which minerals are co-factors for enzymes?

Answer 44

Mg and Mn

(Magnesium and Manganese)

Question 45

Vitamins act as _____/_____ for metabolism.

Answer 45

cofactors/coenzymes

Question 46

Most vitamines are required to be _____, but some can be _____.

Answer 46

ingested, synthesized

Question 47

Which three vitamins can the body produce?

Include what they are produced by.

Answer 47

1. Vitamin D: Produced by keratinocytes
2. Vitamin A: Produced from carotene
3. Vitamain K, biotin, and folic acid: produced by bacteria in large intestines