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z_A&P II: BIO426 > Ch 21: Immune System > Flashcards

Ch 21: Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

The Immune System protects our bodies from…

A

microbes that cause infection and disease.

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2
Q

What are the “three lines of defense” of the Immune System?

A
  1. Exterior Barrier
  2. Innate Immune System
  3. Adaptive Immune System
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3
Q

What is the External Border of the Immune System?

A

The skin

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4
Q

The skin of made of _______, the top layer of which contains…

A

stratified squamous cells

dead keratinized cells

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5
Q

_______ makes the skin impentrible to microbes.

A

Keratin

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6
Q

The skin is _______ and contains no _______ for microbes to feed upon.

A

dry, nutrients

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7
Q

The skin has _______ and _______ glands which secrete _______ and ________ which creates an acid mantle on the skin.

A

sweat glands, sebaceous

sweat, oils

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8
Q

The acid mantle is an _______ that _______ microbes.

A

anti-bacterial, kills

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9
Q

The skin secretes what two anti-bacterial proteins?

A
  1. Dermacidis
  2. Defensin
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10
Q

What are the four main openings of the skin?

A
  1. Mouth
  2. Ears
  3. Urethra
  4. Anus
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11
Q

What is the purpose of mucus?

A

To capture micro-organisms

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12
Q

Tears, saliva, and mucus contain an enzyme called _______.

A

Lysozyme

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13
Q

What does lysozyme do?

A

breaks down cell walls

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14
Q

We are born with our ________ Immune System.

A

Innate

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15
Q

What are four characteristics to keep in mind with the Innate Immune System?

A
  1. It is more primitive (part of our evolution)
  2. Comes into play if the External Barrier is breached (through puncture or oriface)
  3. Generally local
  4. Supports the Addaptive Immune System
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16
Q

What are the five types of Leukocytes standing by to be used by the Innate Immune System?

A
  1. Neutrophils
  2. Eosinophils
  3. Basophils
  4. Lymphocytes
  5. Monocytes
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17
Q

Innate Immune System

Neutrophils are waiting in _______ to engulf microbes.

A

Connective tissue

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18
Q

Innate Immune System

Eosinophils are found in…

A

mucus membranes

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19
Q

Innate Immune System

Basophils secrete what two chemical messages and what are their functions?

A
  1. Interleukins, stimulates activation and creation of more WBCs
  2. Histamines, relate to inflamation
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20
Q

Innate Immune System

Lymphocytes are also known as _______.

A

Natural Killer Cells

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21
Q

What is the job of natural killer cells?

A

to patrol tissues and kill cells marked for destruction

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22
Q

Innate Immune System

Monocytes are also known as _______ and are _______.

A

Macrophages, phagocytotic

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23
Q

_______ work with the leukocytes to inititate the immune response.

A

anti-microbial proteins

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24
Q

What are the two types of anti-microbial proteins?

A
  1. Interferons
  2. Complement System
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25
Q

Interferons consist of…

A

anti-viral and anti-cancer proteins

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26
Q

The complement system consists of…

A

30 different proteins

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27
Q

The complement system aids…

A

both innate and adaptive immunity.

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28
Q

The complement system can cause what four things to occur?

A
  1. Inflamation
  2. Immune clearance
  3. Phagocytosis
  4. Cytolysis
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29
Q

The complement system

What is meant by “immune clearance”?

A

Proteins attach to smaller undetectable microbes to aid system to tag for destruction

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30
Q

In the complement system, phagocytosis is triggered by the process of

A

opsonization

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31
Q

Opsonization is the…

A

coating of a particle/microbe with proteins to target it for phagocytosis.

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32
Q

Cytolysis, occurs when a cell…

A

bursts due to an osmotic imbalance that has caused excess water to diffuse into the cell.

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33
Q

Inflammation is triggered by the _______ Immune System.

A

Innate

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34
Q

Inflammation is indicated by…

A

red, swollen, painful tissue

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35
Q

inflammation is the result of an abundance of ________ at the site of an injury/infection.

A

white blood cells

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36
Q

In inflammation, basophils will secrete _______.

A

Histamines

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37
Q

Histamine release by basophils trigger _______ which ________ blood flow and initiates ________.

A

vasodilation, increase, inflammation

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38
Q

When a histamine triggers inflamation, what occurs?

A
  • increased blood flow to area
  • produces reddish skin
  • fluid builds up
  • brings more white cells to area
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39
Q

Endogenous pyrogens initiate _______.

A

fever

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40
Q

A fever is…

A

an increase of body temperature

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41
Q

Endogenous pyrogens are toxic to _______.

A

microbes

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42
Q

The Adaptive Immune System is not local but _______.

A

systemic

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43
Q

Systemic means the entire…

A

body is involved.

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44
Q

True or False

We are born with adaptive immunity.

A

False

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45
Q

Acquiring adaptive immunity requires _______.

A

Exposure

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46
Q

The adaptive immune system exhibits _______, which means that the immune system responds to a _______.

A

specificity

specific thing

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47
Q

What are the three components of the adaptive immune system?

A
  1. Lymphocytes
  2. Antigens
  3. Antibodies
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48
Q

Lymphocytes have continuous cell surface _______ that bind to specific _______.

A

receptors, antigens

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49
Q

Antigens bind to

A

specific lymphocyte receptors

50
Q

Antibodies bind to

A

specific antigens

51
Q

What is an antibody?

A

A blood protein produced in response to and counteracting a specific antigen.

52
Q

Antibodies combine chemically with substances which the body recognizes as _______, such as _______, _______, and foreign substances in the _______.

A

alien, bacteria, viruses, blood

53
Q

What is an antigen?

A

A toxin or other foreign substance which induces an immune response in the body, especially the production of antibodies.

54
Q

Antibodies circulate in the blood looking for _______.

A

Antigens

55
Q

This structure represents an

A

antibody

56
Q

The red portions are called the

A

light chain

57
Q

The blue part is called the

A

heavy chain

58
Q

The top “Y” portion is called the

A

variable region

59
Q

The bottom main trunk of the “Y” is called the

A

constant region

60
Q

What are the characteristics of the variable region of an antibody?

A
  • It is different in every lymphocyte
  • It is the part that binds to the antigen
61
Q

What are the two types of Lymphocytes?

A

B-lymphocytes

T-lymphocytes

62
Q

Lymphocytes are produced from _______ in _______.

A

homopoietic stem cells, bone marrow

63
Q

Lymphocytes that have matured but not yet received their antigens are called…

A

naive lymphocytes

64
Q

Where does each type of lymphocyte mature?

A

B-cells mature in bone

T-cells mature in thymus

65
Q

What are the characteristics of a Naive lymphocyte

A
  • They are fully mature
  • Have not received their antigens yet (they don’t know their purpose of being)
66
Q

Naive lymphocytes receive their antigens from

A

secondary lymphatic organs

67
Q

What are some secondary lymphatic organs?

A
  • Lymph nodes
  • Tonsils
  • Spleen
68
Q

What are the primary lymphatic organs?

A
  • Bone marrow
  • Thymus

(Where the B & T cells mature)

69
Q

When T-cells mature, the must first pass through the _______ of the thymus to undergo ________.

A

cortex, positive selection

70
Q

In positive selection, the receptors of lymphocytes are checked for _______.

Explain what that means.

A
  • immunocompetence
  • ability to bind to antigens
71
Q

What happens to a lymphocyte that fails positive selection?

A

it is tagged for apoptosis

72
Q

What happens to a lymphocyte that passes positive selection?

A

It passes through the cortex to medulla of the thymus for negative selection.

73
Q

In negative selection, lymphocytes are checked for

A

“self” antigens (if will it bind to cells the body needs)

74
Q

The ability of the body to deal with a certain amount of lymphocytes that may attach to cells the body needs is called

A

tolerance

75
Q

What happens to lymphocytes that fail negative selection?

A

Tagged for apoptosis

76
Q

What happens to a lymphocyte that passes negative selection?

A

It is released to pick up its antigen from secondary lymphatic organs

77
Q

The process of positive and negative selection results in a

A

mature lymphocyte

78
Q

True or False

Naive lymphocytes have been activated.

A

False

79
Q

B-cells go through negative and positive selection _______ in _______.

A

locally, bone marrow

80
Q

T-cells go through negative and positive selection in

A

the thymus

81
Q

True or False

T-cells traveling from bone marrow to the thymus are mature.

A

False

82
Q

The binding of a lymphocyte to an antigen is called

A

activation

83
Q

T-cell receptor binding requires an

A

Antigen Presenting Cell (APC)

84
Q

What kind of cells can be APCs?

A

neutrophils, b-cells

85
Q

What is MHC?

A

Major Histocompatibility complex

A group of genes found on the surfaces of cells that help the immune system recognize foreign substances.

86
Q

How are APCs created?

A
  • a neutrophil or b-cell finds an antigen
  • engulfs antigen
  • presents that antigen on its surface along with MHC
  • MHC+Antigen then bind to t-cell receptor
87
Q

Once a t-cell is activated, it initates

A

cell mediated immunity

88
Q

Cell mediated immunity is when a specific t-cell…

A

proliferates and differentiates

89
Q

What is t-cell proliferation and differentiation also known as?

A

Colonal selection

90
Q

What are the four types of t-cells

A
  1. Cytotoxic
  2. Helper
  3. Regulatory
  4. Memory
91
Q

What do cytotoxic t-cells do?

A

attack targeted cells

92
Q

What do helper t-cells do?

A

secrete interleukins

93
Q

What do regulatory t-cells do?

A

Inhibit T-cell proliferation after the infection

94
Q

What do memory t-cells do?

A

Remain in system after infection

95
Q

What two types of t-cells make up the Primary Response of immunity?

A
  1. Helper
  2. Cytotoxic
96
Q

What are the characteristics of helper t-cells?

A
  • bind to antigen
  • secrete interleukins
  • attract neutrophils
  • attract macrophage
  • stimulate b & t cell production
97
Q

What are the characteristics of cytotoxic t-cells?

A
  • binds to antigen
  • is the “leathal hit”
  • releases chemicals to kill cell
98
Q

What are the characteristics of a memory t or b-cell?

A
  • remain after infection
  • reinfection will be fought more quickly due to exposure and produces secondary response
99
Q

What are the characteristics of B-cell activation?

A
  • b-cell receptors bind to antigen
  • b-cells engulf antigen and present it on surface
100
Q

B-cell activation requires…

A

interleukins secreted by helper t-cells

101
Q

Humoral immunity refers to what type of lymphocyte?

A

B-cell

102
Q

Explain b-cell:

Proliferation

Differentiation

A

proliferation: the b-cell is making copies itself
differentiation: it is dividing specifically into memory cells and antibody producing plasma cells

103
Q

In a humoral immunity response, what is recognition?

A
  • b-cells bind to an antigen
  • the bound b-cells activate helper t-cells
104
Q

In a humoral immunity response, the attack comes from

A

Antibodies in blood stream

105
Q

In a humoral immunity attack, neutralization occurs when

A

antibodies bind to and disable antigens

106
Q

In a humoral immunity attack, what is complement fixation?

A

Complements bind/puncture antigen causing inflamation leading to apoptosis (bursting)

107
Q

In a humoral immunity attack, agglutination occurs when

A

Many antibodies bind to antigen causing clumping

108
Q

In a humoral immunity attack, precipitation is when

A

The antigen/antibody complex (from agglutination) becomes too big (forming molecules) and falls out of solution.

109
Q

What are the five steps of a humoral immune attack?

A
  1. Antibody attack
  2. Neutralization
  3. Complement fixation
  4. Agglutination
  5. Precipitation
110
Q

What are 3 possible immune system disorders?

A
  1. Hypersensitivity
  2. Autoimmune diseases
  3. Immunodifficiency diseases
111
Q

Immune Disorders:

Hypersensitivity is an

A

overactive immune system

112
Q

Immune Disorders:

How many types of hypersensitivity disorders are there and what are they called?

A

4,

Type 1, Type 2, Type 3, Type 4

113
Q

Immune Disorders:

What are the characteristics of Type 1 Hypersensitivity?

A
  • Deals with Allergies
  • Mediated by IgE antibody
  • Allergens bind to IgE and cause a release of histamines
  • Released histamines cause inflammation and allergic response
114
Q

Immune Disorders:

What are the characteristics of Type 2 Hypersensitivity?

A
  • Antibody mediated cytotoxic resonse
  • Antigen on cell binds to antibody and marks cell to be destroyed
  • This is seen in transplant rejections
115
Q

Immune Disorders:

What are the characteristics of Type 3 Hypersensitivity?

A
  • antigen-antibody complex is found in blood stream
  • causes clots that lead to tissue damage
  • nephritis is an example in which causes blockage in the kidneys and kills them
116
Q

Immune Disorders:

What are the characteristics of Type 4 Hypersensitivity?

A
  • cell mediated immune response
  • t-cell (instead of antibody) binds to antigen
  • can cause inflammation (anaphalactic shock) that leads to death
  • is a delayed reaction as the t-cell process takes longer than antigen/antibody process
117
Q

Immune Disorders:

What are the characteristics of autoimmune diseases?

A
  • Failure of body to tolerate “self”
  • Initiates immune response against own tissues
118
Q

Immune Disorders:

Give two examples of tissue specific autoimmune disorder

A
  1. Multiple Sclerosis
  2. Rheumatoid Arthritis
119
Q

Immune Disorders:

What occurs in a systemic autoimmune disease?

Give an example

A
  • The body attacks molecules (as opposed to cells)
  • SLE (systemic lupus erythematosus) attacks DNA
120
Q

Immune Disorders:

What are two kinds of immunodifficiency disorders?

A
  • SCID (Severe Combined ImmunoDifficiency)
  • AIDS (Acquired Immunodifficency Disorder)
121
Q

Immune Disorders:

What happens to a person with SCID

A

Their body does not produce B-cells or T-cells

122
Q

Immune Disorders:

What are the characteristics of AIDS?

A
  • Infection comes from HIV (Human Immunodifficency Virus)
  • HIV’s host cells are T-cells (HIV attaches and enters T-cells to reproduce)
  • HIV basically kills off t-cells and thus the immune system

z_A&P II: BIO426 (31 decks)

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