Ch. 28 Pregnancy Flashcards
After fertilization, the zygote goes through a rapid period of cell divisions called _____.
organogenesis implantation teratogenesis cleavage blastulation
cleavage
Which statement about maternal hormones during pregnancy is accurate?
Progesterone levels decline throughout gestation.
hCG levels increase throughout gestation.
hCG levels remain stable throughout gestation.
Estrogen levels increase throughout gestation.
Estrogen levels decline throughout gestation.
Estrogen levels increase throughout gestation.
Implantation is completed after the _____.
amnion has formed corpus luteum deteriorates yolk sac forms blastocyst is entirely surrounded by endometrium nervous system forms
blastocyst is entirely surrounded by endometrium
The outermost extraembryonic membrane is the _____.
allantois placenta chorion yolk sac amnion
chorion
The development of the primary germ layers is called ______.
blastulation gastrulation organogenesis cleavage placentation
gastrulation
Which of the following structures is/are formed from ectodermal tissues?
cartilage bones muscles gonads brain
brain
The function of the ductus arteriosus is to _____.
deliver oxygen-rich blood to the liver
deliver oxygen-rich blood to the placenta
bypass the pulmonary circuit
deliver oxygen-poor blood to the placenta
bypass the coronary circuit
bypass the pulmonary circuit
Which of the following is NOT a function of the placenta?
hormone production nutrient transfer waste elimination urine formation respiratory gas transfer
urine formation
Which of the following factors is NOT considered to be a teratogen?
alcohol iron sedatives anticoagulants nicotine
iron
Which hormone produced by the placenta causes the mother’s pubic symphysis to loosen and widen?
relaxin progesterone estrogen FSH hCG
relaxin
An implantation that takes place in a site other than the uterus is called _____.
metopic hyadatic ectopic phytid amniotic
ectopic
Which of the following is NOT a common metabolic/physiological change that occurs in pregnant women?
glucose sparing increased urine production hypermetabolism increased respiratory rate decreased blood pressure
decreased blood pressure
Which maternally derived hormone induces and controls labor via a positive feedback mechanism?
estrogen ADH oxytocin progesterone hCG
oxytocin
Which sequence shows the correct order of the stages of labor?
placental, dilation, expulsion dilation, placental, expulsion expulsion, placental, dilation dilation, expulsion, placental expulsion, dilation, placental
dilation, expulsion, placental
The Apgar score range that indicates a healthy baby is ____.
0 to 2 2 to 4 4 to 6 6 to 8 8 to 10
8 to 10
Which structure represents the remnants of the atrial fetal shunt?
ligamentum teres foramen ovale ligamentum venosum ductus arteriosus fossa ovalis
fossa ovalis
What is the function of the hormone hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin)?
It causes the uterine lining to slough off or shed to maintain pregnancy.
It inhibits the production of estrogen and progesterone by the ovary.
It signals the corpus luteum to continue producing estrogen and progesterone to maintain the pregnancy.
It increases to high levels near birth, helping initiate the birth process.
It stimulates the production of FSH by the pituitary.
It signals the corpus luteum to continue producing estrogen and progesterone to maintain the pregnancy.
The heart begins to beat in the developing offspring _____.
at birth when it becomes a fetus at conception at about 3 ½ weeks at 3 to 4 months
at about 3 ½ weeks
Implantation of the blastocyst begins _____ after ovulation.
1 day 3 days 6 to 7 days 3 weeks 1 month
6 to 7 days
Prolactin causes ______.
myometrial contractions and let-down reflex
milk production by the breast tissue
uterine contractions only
increased hCG excretion during the first month of pregnancy
milk production by the breast tissue
Meconium is ______.
the hormone that is termed “the natural birth control” and inhibits the release of GnRH
a fluid initially secreted by the mammary glands before true milk is produced
the hormone that causes a positive feedback mechanism to continue milk production
sloughed-off epithelial cells, bile, and other substances
sloughed-off epithelial cells, bile, and other substances
All of the following structures are derived from mesoderm EXCEPT ______.
the liver smooth muscle bone nails cardiac muscle
nails
Which of the following does NOT prevent polyspermy?
the zona reaction
a decrease in zonal inhibiting proteins
the release of Ca2+ after the sperm has entered the ovum
the cortical reaction
the release of enzymes into the extracellular space beneath the zona pellucida
a decrease in zonal inhibiting proteins
Sperm are known to bear _____ that respond to chemical stimuli that help them locate the oocyte.
olfactory receptors
hydrolytic enzymes
acrosomes
tails
olfactory receptors
Which of the following does NOT describe a function of trophoblast cells?
They secrete hCG.
They take part in placental formation.
The inner layers of trophoblasts lose their plasma membranes and invade the endometrium.
They display L-selectin molecules on their surface after blastocyst hatching.
The inner layers of trophoblasts lose their plasma membranes and invade the endometrium.
The disc-shaped placenta is formed from the _____.
yolk sac
chronic villi and the decidua capsularis
inner cell mass
chronic villi and the decidua basalis
chronic villi and the decidua basalis
During early gastrulation, what structure(s) appear(s) on the dorsal aspect of the embryonic disc and establish(e)s the longitudinal axis of the embryo?
somites
coelom
notochord
primitive streak
primitive streak
The first major event of organogenesis is _____.
mesenchyme production
amnion formation
sporulation
neurulation
neurulation
The only 100% effective method of birth control is _____.
total abstinence
vasectomy
Depo-Provera
MAPs
total abstinence
Which of the following statements about the foramen ovale is FALSE?
It serves to bypass the nonfunctional lung.
It is one of the shunt systems encountered by blood entering and leaving the heart before birth.
It allows blood to pass directly from the right atrium into the left ventricle.
It is an opening in the interatrial septum.
It allows blood to pass directly from the right atrium into the left ventricle.
____ refers to events that occur from the time of fertilization (conception) until the infant is born.
Conceptus
Embryo
Gestation period
Pregnancy
Pregnancy
For successful fertilization to occur, coitus must occur NO more than ______ and NO later than _____.
three days before ovulation; two days after
two days before ovulation; 24 hours after
24 hours before ovulation; two days after
two days before ovulation; two days after
two days before ovulation; 24 hours after
The process of implantation generally begins ______ and is usually completed by ______.
the day after ovulation; the third day after ovulation
the day before ovulation; the third day after ovulation
six to seven days after ovulation; the twelfth day after ovulation
two to three days after ovulation; the sixth or seventh day after ovulation
six to seven days after ovulation; the twelfth day after ovulation
T/F
Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) levels spike within the first two months of pregnancy and then sharply decline by four months.
True
T/F
By the end of the third month of pregnancy, the placenta is usually fully functional as a nutritive, respiratory, excretory, and endocrine organ.
True
In humans, the extraembryonic membrane that composes the structural base for the umbilical cord is the ______.
allantois
yolk sac
chorion
amnion
allantois
T/F
The ectoderm is the primary germ layer from which the digestive, respiratory, and urogenital systems and the associated glands form.
False
T/F
The first major event in organogenesis is gastrulation.
False
Which of the following occurs eight weeks into pregnancy?
Sex is readily detected by observing the genitals.
The head of the fetus is nearly as large as the body.
The eyes open.
Quickening occurs.
The head of the fetus is nearly as large as the body.
Which of the following occurs 17–20 weeks into pregnancy, during the fetal period?
Quickening occurs.
The eyes open.
The head of the fetus is nearly as large as the body.
Sex is readily detected by observing the genitals.
Quickening occurs.
T/F
A weight gain of approximately 13 kg (about 28 lb) usually occurs during pregnancy.
True
______ and ______ are both hormones and powerful uterine muscle stimulants that cause contractions to become more frequent and more vigorous.
Human chorionic gonadotropin; relaxin
Oxytocin; prostaglandins
Estrogen; progesterone
Relaxin; oxytocin
Oxytocin; prostaglandins
______ occurs when a woman has a deformed or male-like pelvis, resulting in prolonged and difficult labor; this condition can lead to fetal brain damage, ultimately causing cerebral palsy or epilepsy.
Dyspnea
Preeclampsia
Parturition
Dystocia
Dystocia
