Ch. 26 Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance

Question 1

A major stimulus for the release of antidiuretic hormone is ______.

Answer 1

a rise in plasma osmolality

Question 2

ADH results in increased ____.

Answer 2

Water reabsorption.

Question 3

Acidosis results in increasing levels of what ion?

Answer 3

hydrogen

Question 4

What is the most abundant cation in intracellular fluid?

Answer 4

potassium

Question 5

Normal arterial blood pH is _____.

Answer 5

slightly alkaline (7.4)

Question 6

Parathyroid hormone ______.

Answer 6

enhances release of calcium from bone

Question 7

___ activates osteoclasts, which break down the bone matrix, releasing calcium.

Answer 7

PTH

Question 8

The condition in which sodium levels are too low is referred to as ______.

Answer 8

hyponatremia

Question 9

The largest percentage of body water is located in what compartment?

Answer 9

intracellular fluid

Question 10

The major source of water loss from the body is ______.

Answer 10

urine

Question 11

Urine accounts for roughly ___% of the body’s water loss.

Answer 11

60%

Question 12

The most prevalent electrolyte in the extracellular fluid is _______.

Answer 12

sodium

Question 13

The only organ(s) of the body that can remove excess nonvolatile fixed acids is/are the _______.

Answer 13

kidney

Question 14

Fixed acids are also called ____.

Answer 14

metabolic acids

Question 15

When the concentration of Na+ in the ECF decreases, ______.

Answer 15

aldosterone levels increase

Question 16

When the concentration of Na+ in the ___ decreases, there is an increase in the level of ____, which causes facultative Na+ reabsorption.

Answer 16

ECF; aldosterone

Question 17

What condition would cause a drop in pH?

Answer 17

hypoventilation

Question 18

Strong acids dissociate ____, and weak acids dissociate ____.

Answer 18

fully; incompletely

Question 19

The only cation exerting significant osmotic pressure in the ECF is ______.

Answer 19

Na+

Question 20

The most important buffer system in the intracellular fluid compartment (ICF) is the _____ buffer system.

Answer 20

protein

Question 21

Most of the buffering power of body fluids resides in ____, and most of this reflects the buffering activity of intracellular proteins.

Answer 21

cells

Question 22

Infants are more likely to experience problems regulating acid-base balance because of several factors, including ______.

Answer 22

the inefficiency of infant kidneys

Question 23

____ tissue is the least hydrated body tissue.

Answer 23

Adipose

Question 24

What age individual would have the most body water?

Answer 24

an infant

Question 25

When atrial natriuretic peptide is released by the heart because of increased blood pressure, it causes ______.

Answer 25

decreased sodium and water reabsorption

Question 26

____ reduces blood pressure and blood volume by inhibiting nearly all events that promote vasoconstriction, sodium retention, and water retention.

Answer 26

ANP (atrial natriuretic peptide)

Question 27

Water lost through expired air is referred to as ______.

Answer 27

insensible water loss

Question 28

If the plasma osmolality were to increase, the body would ___ water and scant amounts of concentrated ___ would be formed.

Answer 28

conserve; urine

Question 29

Diuresis peaks ______ after drinking water.

Answer 29

one hour

Question 30

Edema is the accumulation of fluid in the ______.

Answer 30

interstitial space

Question 31

Pica, the desire to consume substances that are not normally considered food, such as chalk or clay, may be triggered by a deficiency of _______.

Answer 31

iron

Question 32

Electrolyte balance in the body usually refers to the balance of ______.

Answer 32

salts

Question 33

The most important buffer system of extracellular fluid, such as plasma, is the ______ buffer system.

Answer 33

bicarbonate

Question 34

Renal acid-base control mechanisms are coupled to _______.

Answer 34

Na+ transport

Question 35

Estrogens are chemically similar to _______ and are therefore associated with water retention.

Answer 35

aldosterone

Question 36

Any arterial pH between ______ is considered physiological acidosis.

Answer 36

7.0 and 7.35

Question 37

T/F

Most fluid in the body is in the extracellular fluid (ECF) compartment.

Answer 37

False

Question 38

The most abundant cation in extracellular fluid is ____.

Answer 38

sodium

Question 39

Most water is excreted via the ______.

Answer 39

kidneys

Question 40

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) acts on the _____ to _____ water excretion.

Answer 40

kidneys; decrease

Question 41

When ADH levels are ____, most or all of the filtered water is reabsorbed and a small amount of concentrated urine is excreted.

Answer 41

high

Question 42

Hypotonic hydration causes ____ , leading to cell swelling.

Answer 42

hyponatremia (low concentration of Na+ in the extracellular fluid)

Question 43

What hormone would increase sodium excretion?

Answer 43

progesterone

Question 44

T/F

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) increases Ca2+ deposition in the bones.

Answer 44

False

Question 45

____ is released in response to low Ca2+ levels.

Answer 45

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Question 46

T/F

Most of the hydrogen ions in the body come from acidic substances in the foods we ingest.

Answer 46

False

Question 47

The most important factor that influences K+ secretion is ______.

Answer 47

the concentration of K+ in the ECF

Question 48

What system has the LEAST influence over the pH of blood plasma?

Answer 48

the phosphate buffer system

Question 49

Hyperventilation can lead to ______.

Answer 49

respiratory alkalosis

Question 50

One way the kidneys maintain HCO3– balance is by ______.

Answer 50

generating new HCO3–

Question 51

Someone who is suffocating would develop ______.

Answer 51

respiratory acidosis

Question 52

What puts infants at increased risk for dehydration?

Answer 52

their inefficient kidneys