Ch. 26 Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance Flashcards
A major stimulus for the release of antidiuretic hormone is ______.
a rise in plasma osmolality
ADH results in increased ____.
Water reabsorption.
Acidosis results in increasing levels of what ion?
hydrogen
What is the most abundant cation in intracellular fluid?
potassium
Normal arterial blood pH is _____.
slightly alkaline (7.4)
Parathyroid hormone ______.
enhances release of calcium from bone
___ activates osteoclasts, which break down the bone matrix, releasing calcium.
PTH
The condition in which sodium levels are too low is referred to as ______.
hyponatremia
The largest percentage of body water is located in what compartment?
intracellular fluid
The major source of water loss from the body is ______.
urine
Urine accounts for roughly ___% of the body’s water loss.
60%
The most prevalent electrolyte in the extracellular fluid is _______.
sodium
The only organ(s) of the body that can remove excess nonvolatile fixed acids is/are the _______.
kidney
Fixed acids are also called ____.
metabolic acids
When the concentration of Na+ in the ECF decreases, ______.
aldosterone levels increase
When the concentration of Na+ in the ___ decreases, there is an increase in the level of ____, which causes facultative Na+ reabsorption.
ECF; aldosterone
What condition would cause a drop in pH?
hypoventilation
Strong acids dissociate ____, and weak acids dissociate ____.
fully; incompletely
The only cation exerting significant osmotic pressure in the ECF is ______.
Na+
The most important buffer system in the intracellular fluid compartment (ICF) is the _____ buffer system.
protein
Most of the buffering power of body fluids resides in ____, and most of this reflects the buffering activity of intracellular proteins.
cells
Infants are more likely to experience problems regulating acid-base balance because of several factors, including ______.
the inefficiency of infant kidneys
____ tissue is the least hydrated body tissue.
Adipose
What age individual would have the most body water?
an infant
When atrial natriuretic peptide is released by the heart because of increased blood pressure, it causes ______.
decreased sodium and water reabsorption
____ reduces blood pressure and blood volume by inhibiting nearly all events that promote vasoconstriction, sodium retention, and water retention.
ANP (atrial natriuretic peptide)
Water lost through expired air is referred to as ______.
insensible water loss
If the plasma osmolality were to increase, the body would ___ water and scant amounts of concentrated ___ would be formed.
conserve; urine
Diuresis peaks ______ after drinking water.
one hour
Edema is the accumulation of fluid in the ______.
interstitial space
Pica, the desire to consume substances that are not normally considered food, such as chalk or clay, may be triggered by a deficiency of _______.
iron
Electrolyte balance in the body usually refers to the balance of ______.
salts
The most important buffer system of extracellular fluid, such as plasma, is the ______ buffer system.
bicarbonate
Renal acid-base control mechanisms are coupled to _______.
Na+ transport
Estrogens are chemically similar to _______ and are therefore associated with water retention.
aldosterone
Any arterial pH between ______ is considered physiological acidosis.
7.0 and 7.35
T/F
Most fluid in the body is in the extracellular fluid (ECF) compartment.
False
The most abundant cation in extracellular fluid is ____.
sodium
Most water is excreted via the ______.
kidneys
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) acts on the _____ to _____ water excretion.
kidneys; decrease
When ADH levels are ____, most or all of the filtered water is reabsorbed and a small amount of concentrated urine is excreted.
high
Hypotonic hydration causes ____ , leading to cell swelling.
hyponatremia (low concentration of Na+ in the extracellular fluid)
What hormone would increase sodium excretion?
progesterone
T/F
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) increases Ca2+ deposition in the bones.
False
____ is released in response to low Ca2+ levels.
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
T/F
Most of the hydrogen ions in the body come from acidic substances in the foods we ingest.
False
The most important factor that influences K+ secretion is ______.
the concentration of K+ in the ECF
What system has the LEAST influence over the pH of blood plasma?
the phosphate buffer system
Hyperventilation can lead to ______.
respiratory alkalosis
One way the kidneys maintain HCO3– balance is by ______.
generating new HCO3–
Someone who is suffocating would develop ______.
respiratory acidosis
What puts infants at increased risk for dehydration?
their inefficient kidneys
