Ch. 27 Reproductive Flashcards
Meiosis results in _____.
two identical diploid cells two nonidentical haploid cells four identical diploid cells four nonidentical diploid cells four nonidentical haploid cells
four nonidentical haploid cells
Meiosis is the processes by which genetically unique haploid ____ are formed.
gametes
In terms of the male sexual response, parasympathetic stimulation causes ______.
spermiogenesis erection of the penis ejaculation the penis to become flaccid fertilization
erection of the penis
Parasympathetic stimulation causes ___ to be released, causing penile arterioles to dilate, allowing the erectile bodies to fill with blood.
Nitric Oxide
The basic difference between spermatogenesis and oogenesis is that ______.
one mature ovum is produced in oogenesis, and four mature sperm are produced in spermatogenesis
the mature ovum is haploid and the sperm is diploid
spermatogenesis involves mitosis and meiosis, but oogenesis involves meiosis only
the mature ovum is diploid and the sperm is haploid
two polar bodies are produced in spermatogenesis
one mature ovum is produced in oogenesis, and four mature sperm are produced in spermatogenesis
___ mature ovum is produced in oogenesis, and ___ mature sperm are produced in spermatogenesis.
One; four
The organ that makes estrogen and progesterone is the ______.
vestibular gland vagina pineal gland ovary hypothalamus
ovary
The ____, which make estrogen and progesterone, are the primary sex organs of the female.
ovaries
The primary sex organ(s) of the male is/are the ______.
penis testes seminal vesicle epididymis prostate
testes
The testes are the primary sex organs of males; they are also called ____.
gonads
The reason that the testes are suspended in the scrotum is to ______.
create extra space for the sex organs
to reduce the chance of infection from the enteric bacteria
protect sperm from the immune system
place sperm storage sites nearer to the penis
to provide a cooler temperature
to provide a cooler temperature
Spermatogenesis requires a ____ temperature than the core body temperature.
cooler
The sperm’s acrosome ______.
has a high density of mitochondria contains enzymes contains nutrients provides motility provides the blood testis barrier
contains enzymes
The ____ contains enzymes that allow the sperm to penetrate the egg.
acrosome
The surge in LH that occurs during the middle of the ovarian cycle triggers ______.
FSH release uterine-lining secretion ovulation menstruation activation of primordial follicles
ovulation
The surge in LH that occurs during the middle of the ovarian cycle triggers ovulation, which occurs, on average, on day ___ of the monthly cycle.
14
The usual site of fertilization is the ______.
vagina vulva uterus uterine tube ovary
uterine tube
The usual site of fertilization is the ___, or ___, tube.
uterine; fallopian
The uterine layer shed with each monthly cycle is the ______.
tunica albuginea perimetrium functional layer of endometrium myometrium basal layer of endometrium
functional layer of endometrium
_______ cells, located between seminiferous tubules, produce testosterone.
Interstitial Myometrial Thalamic Sustentacular Follicle
Interstitial
Interstitial, or ____ cells, produce testosterone.
Leydig
In which uterine phase does the functional layer of the endometrium start to rebuild?
ovulation proliferative preovulatory secretory menstrual
proliferative
The functional layer of the endometrium starts to rebuild in the ____ phase, which is initiated by rising estrogen levels.
proliferative
What is the most common bacterial sexually transmitted disease in the United States?
syphilis vaginitis chlamydia gonorrhea genital warts
chlamydia
____ is the most common bacterial sexually transmitted disease in the United States.
Chlamydia
Which cell type is ovulated from the ovary?
oogonium ovum primary oocyte secondary oocyte tertiary oocyte
secondary oocyte
In order, list the structures sperm will pass through from the testes to the external urethral orifice.
seminiferous tubules, epididymis, vas deferens, ampulla, ejaculatory duct, prostatic urethra, spongy urethra
Sperm are produced in the ____ and exit via the urethra.
seminiferous tubule
Which male structure is homologous to the female’s clitoris?
epididymis prostate gland penis pubis scrotum
penis
Which of the following represents the order in which reproductive hormones are secreted in males?
LH, GnRH, FSH, testosterone FSH, GnRH, LH, testosterone GnRH, LH/FSH, testosterone, inhibin FSH, LH, GnRH, testosterone FSH, GnRH, testosterone, LH
GnRH, LH/FSH, testosterone, inhibin
The ____ axis regulates the production of gametes and sex hormones in males.
hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal
Within the ovary, progesterone is produced by the ______.
corpus luteum
Sperm are produced in the ______.
seminiferous tubules
In a typical or “average” cycle, ovulation occurs on day _____.
14
Which hormone is responsible for the development of secondary sex characteristics found in women?
estrogen prolactin FSH progesterone LH
estrogen
During anaphase I, what structures separate and move to opposite poles of the cell?
tetrads
sister chromatids
nonhomologous chromosomes
nucleoli
tetrads
The ____, composed of replicated homologous chromosomes, will separate and migrate to the poles of the cell during anaphase I.
tetrads
The muscular layer of the uterine wall is called the ______.
myometrium
Which hormone stimulates the ruptured ovarian follicle to become the corpus luteum?
luteinizing hormone
Which of the following hormones is NOT involved in the regulation of the number of sperm produced in the testes?
inhibin
testosterone
gonadotropin-releasing hormone
PSA
PSA
Which of the following statements about myoid cells is true?
They elevate the testes.
They surround the seminiferous tubules and contract rhythmically to squeeze sperm and testicular fluid through the tubules out of the testes.
When they contract, they cause wrinkling of the scrotal skin.
They form a duct that conveys sperm from the epididymis to the prostate gland.
They surround the seminiferous tubules and contract rhythmically to squeeze sperm and testicular fluid through the tubules out of the testes.
Which of the following structures help(s) to keep the testes at a cool temperature?
the pampiniform plexus
the rete testis
the interstitial endocrine cells
the testicular arteries
the pampiniform plexus
The ____ absorbs heat from testicular arteries, cooling the arterial blood before it enters the testes.
pampiniform plexus
Which of the following structures passes through the inguinal canal?
the prostatic urethra
the epididymis
the ejaculatory duct
the spermatic cord
the spermatic cord
Which of the following structures makes up most of the male urethral length?
prostatic urethra
membranous urethra
spongy urethra
ejaculatory duct
spongy urethra
Which statement about vasectomies is FALSE?
They are approximately 10% reversible.
They are a highly effective method of birth control.
The part of the ductus deferens that lies in the scrotum is cut.
They involve a minor surgical procedure.
They are approximately 10% reversible.
Approximately ___% of vasectomies are reversible.
50%
epididymis
site of sperm storage
seminiferous tubules
site of sperm production in the testes
tunica albuginea
fibrous capsule of the testes
pampiniform venous plexus
cools arterial blood to keep the testes below core temperature
interstitial endocrine cells (Leydig cells)
make testosterone
The diploid chromosome number in humans is ____.
46
____ produces cells that have a haploid chromosome number.
Meiosis
telophase I
Two genetically unique haploid cells are formed.
metaphase I
Tetrads align randomly along the cell’s equator.
telophase II
Four genetically unique haploid cells are formed.
anaphase I
Homologous chromosomes separate from one another.
prophase I
Crossovers form.
Conversion of haploid spermatids to functional sperm is specifically called ______.
spermiogenesis
The area of the sperm cell that contains many mitochondria is the ______.
midpiece
_______ acts upon the _______ to encourage the release of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH).
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH); anterior pituitary
ovaries
house and form the female gametes
uterine (fallopian) tubes
generally the site of fertilization of the ovulated oocyte
vagina
thin-walled structure that connects the uterus to the body exterior
uterus
receives, retains, and nourishes a fertilized ovum
fimbriae
fingerlike projections that brush over the ovary
The ______ is shed during menstruation.
stratum functionalis
The ______ of the mammary glands are responsible for producing milk during lactation.
alveoli
The pH of the adult female vagina is normally ______.
acidic
The functional layer of the endometrium is shed in response to ______.
decreased progesterone levels
increased estrogen levels
increased progesterone levels
decreased estrogen levels
decreased progesterone levels
The ______ develop into the female duct system.
paramesonephric ducts
gonadal ridges
urethral folds
mesonephric ducts
paramesonephric ducts
Relative to differences between mitosis and meiosis, choose the statements that apply only to meiosis:
A) tetrads present B) produces two daughter cells C) produces four daughter cells D) occurs throughout life E) reduces chromosomal number by half F) synapsis and crossing over
A) tetrads present
C) produces four daughter cells
E) reduces chromosomal number by half
F) synapsis and crossing over
The structures that draw an ovulated oocyte into the female duct system are:
A) cilia
B) fimbriae
C) microvilli
D) stereocilia
A) cilia
B) fimbriae
The usual site of embryo implantation is ____.
A) the uterine tube
B) the peritoneal cavity
C) the vagina
D) the uterus
D) the uterus
Secondary sex characteristics are ____.
A) present in the embryo
B) a result of male or female sex hormones increasing at puberty
C) the testis in the male and ovary in the female
D) development of male and female external genitalia
B) a result of male or female sex hormones increasing at puberty
Which of the following produces the male sex hormones?
A) seminal glands
B) corpus luteum
C) developing follicles in testes
D) interstitial endocrine cells
D) interstitial endocrine cells
Which of the following does NOT add a secretion that makes a major contribution to semen?
A) prostate
B) bulbo-urethral glands
C) testes
D) ductus deferens
D) ductus deferens
The corpus luteum is formed at the site of ____.
A) fertilization
B) ovulation
C) menstruation
D) implantation
B) ovulation
