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SAC A&P II > Ch. 18 The Heart > Flashcards

Ch. 18 The Heart Flashcards

1
Q

Which structure forms the most superficial covering of the heart?

A

Fibrous pericardium is the outermost layer of the pericardium

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2
Q

Which blood vessel returns blood to the heart from areas below the diaphragm?

A

Inferior vena cava

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3
Q

Which heart valve prevents backflow into the atrium?

A

Tricuspid valve

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4
Q

Which of the following statements is true?

A) The left ventricular cavity is flattened into a crescent shape
B) The right ventricular cavity is nearly circular
C) The right ventricle pumps blood at a higher pressure than the left ventricle
D) The left ventricle wall is thicker than the right

A

D) The left ventricle wall is thicker than the right

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5
Q

The right ventricle pumps blood into what structure?

A

Pulmonary trunk

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6
Q

Select the coronary vessel that supplies oxygen-rich blood to the left atrium and the posterior walls of the left ventricle

A) Anterior interventricular artery
B) Circumflex artery
C) Great cardiac vein
D) Coronary sinus

A

B) Circumflex artery

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7
Q

Which side of the heart pumps first?

A

Both sides of the heart pump at the same time

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8
Q

Which anatomical or physiological feature correctly describes cardiac muscle and not skeletal muscle?

A) Striations appear as alternating light and dark bands
B) Sarcoplasmic reticulum stores and releases calcium ions
C) Intercalated discs connect adjacent muscle cells
D) Calcium ions bind troponin to signal contraction

A

C) Intercalated discs connect adjacent muscle cells

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9
Q

Which component of the conduction system sets the pace for the heart as a whole?

A

Sinoatrial (SA) node

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10
Q

Identify the component of the EKG that corresponds to the depolarization of the ventricles.

A

QRS complex

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11
Q

What happens when the ventricular pressure exceeds aortic pressure?

A

The semilunar valves open

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12
Q

What cardiac term refers to the volume of blood remaining in a ventricle after contraction?

A

End Systolic Volume (ESV)

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13
Q

Select the factor that increases cardiac output:

A) Increased preload
B) Increased parasympathetic activity
C) Decreased venous return
D) Decreased stroke volume

A

A) Increased preload

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14
Q

Situation in which a relatively mild blow to the chest causes heart failure and sudden death because it occurs during a vulnerable interval

A

Commotio cordis

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15
Q

A condition of right-sided heart failure resulting from elevated blood pressure in the pulmonary circuit

A

Cor pulmonale

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16
Q

The leading cause of death in young athletes, usually inherited, causes the cardiac muscle cells to enlarge; the heart pumps strongly, but doesn’t relax well during diastole

A

Hypertrophic cardiomyopothy

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17
Q

When the semi-lunar valves are open, which of the following is happening?

A) Coronary arteries fill
B) AV valves are closed
C) Ventricles are in systole
D) Ventricles are in diastole
E) Blood enters the aorta
F) Blood enters the pulmonary arteries
G) Atria contract
A

A) Coronary arteries fill

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18
Q

Cardiac output is ?

A

the amount of blood pumped out of each ventricle in one minute

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19
Q

What is the correct sequence of electrical current flow through the heart wall?

A

SA node, AV node, AV bundle, right and left bundle branches, subendocardial conducting network

20
Q

During pulmonary circulation, blood leaves the ?

A

right ventricle and flows directly to the lungs

21
Q

During systemic circulation, blood leaves the ?

A

left ventricle and flows directly to the aorta

22
Q

The absolute refractory period refers to the time during which ?

A

the muscle cell will not respond to a stimulus of any strength

23
Q

The cardiac cycle includes all of the following events EXCEPT ?

A) the changes in pressure gradients in all chambers of the heart
B) the movement of impulse from the SA node to all regions of the heart wall
C) the number of times the heart beats in one minute
D) the changes in blood volume in all chambers of the heart
E) the closing and opening of the heart valves during each heartbeat

A

the number of times the heart beats in one minute

24
Q

The coronary arteries arise from the ?

A

aorta

25
Q

The endocardium is composed of ?

A

squamous epithelium

26
Q

The structure just deep to the fibrous pericardium is the ?

A

parietal layer of the serous pericardium

27
Q

When the mitral valve closes, it prevents the backflow of blood from the ?

A

left ventricle into the left atrium

28
Q

Which is the correct sequence of layers in the heart wall, starting with the outer layer?

A

epicardium, myocardium, endocardium

29
Q

The contractile cardiac muscle fibers of the myocardium behave as a single, coordinated unit called a ?

A

functional syncytium

30
Q

The noncontractile cardiac muscle cells that initiate their own depolarization and cause depolarization of the rest of the heart are called ?

A

pacemaker cells

31
Q

Guided by powerful signaling molecules, the human heart develops from ?

A

mesoderm

32
Q

The trabeculae carneae are located in the ?

A

ventricles

33
Q

The ____ are attached to the AV valve flaps.

A

chordae tendineae

34
Q

Which valve is most often faulty in the heart?

A

the mitral, or bicuspid, valve

35
Q

What factor gives the myocardium its high resistance to fatigue?

A

a very large number of mitochondria in the cytoplasm

36
Q

The ______ nerve carries parasympathetic fibers to the sinoatrial (SA) node.

A

vagus

37
Q

An enlarged R wave on an ECG would indicate ?

A

an enlarged ventricle

38
Q

The fibrous pericardium is the superficial part of the pericardium that encloses the heart. It ____ the heart, prevents the heart from ____ with blood, and ____ the heart to surrounding structures.

A

protects; overfilling; anchors

39
Q

supplies blood to the lateral right side of the myocardium

A

right marginal artery

40
Q

blood vessel that runs to the apex of the heart

A

posterior interventricular artery

41
Q

supplies blood to the interventricular septum and anterior walls of both ventricles

A

anterior interventricular artery

42
Q

supplies blood to the left atrium and posterior walls of the left ventricle

A

circumflex artery

43
Q

The role of the atrioventricular node (AV node) is to ?

A

slow down impulses so that the atria can contract to fill the adjacent ventricles with blood

44
Q

The second heart sound (the “dup” of “lub-dup”) is caused by the ?

A

closure of the semilunar valves

45
Q

T/F

In the fetus, blood from the left and right sides of the heart normally mix.

A

True

SAC A&P II (19 decks)

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