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SAC A&P II > Ch. 17 Blood > Flashcards

Ch. 17 Blood Flashcards

1
Q

The most abundant plasma protein

A

Albumin

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2
Q

Blood pH

A

7.35-7.45

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3
Q

3 functions of blood:

A
  1. Transport substances through body
  2. Regulate pH, temperature, & fluid volume
  3. Protect from blood loss and immune response
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4
Q

What are the components of blood?

A

Erythrocytes 45%
Plasma 55%
Buffy coat <1%

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5
Q

What is hematocrit?

A

The percentage of whole blood made up of red blood cells

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6
Q

Identify the most numerous formed element of blood.

A

Erythrocytes

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7
Q

Anemia can be divided into 3 causes:

A
  1. Blood loss (ulcer)
  2. Not enough RBC’s (iron or B12 deficiency)
  3. Too many RBC’s destroyed
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8
Q

An abnormally high number of erythrocytes.

A

Polycythemia

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9
Q

Select a structural characteristic of a red blood cell that contributes to its gas transport function.

A) The cytoplasm contains albumin
B) The presence of many mitochondria produce ATP
C) The biconcave shape provides a greater surface area
D) The multilobed nucleus permits the cells to pass through narrow capillaries

A

C) Without nuclei, the RBC’s assume a biconcave shape

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10
Q

Inadequate blood oxygen levels causes the kidneys to release what chemical messenger?

A

Erythropoietin (EPO) stimulates the red bone marrow to produce more erythrocytes

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11
Q
A

Basophil

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12
Q
A

Eosinophil

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13
Q
A

Lymphocyte

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14
Q
A

Monocyte

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15
Q
A

Neutrophil

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16
Q

Neutrohphil function

A

Phagocytize bacteria

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17
Q

Eosinophil function

A

Kill parasitic worms (helminths)

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18
Q

Basophil function

A

Release histamine, causing vasodilation and inflammation

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19
Q

Lymphocyte function

A

Direct cell attack

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20
Q

Monocyte function

A

Phagocytosis of foreign invaders

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21
Q

What are two types of lymphocytes?

A
  1. T cells; act against viruses and tumors
  2. B cells; produce antibodies (immunoglobulins
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22
Q

Which leukocyte kills parasitic worms by releasing enzymes from cytoplasmic granules?

A

Eosinophils

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23
Q

Platelets are cell fragments from extraordinarily large cells called ?

A

Megakaryocytes

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24
Q

Hemostasis involves what three processes?

A
  1. Vascular spasm
  2. Platelet plug formation
  3. Coagulation
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25
Q

Platelet plug formation involves what three steps?

A
  1. Adhesion to damaged blood vessel
  2. Enzymes and hormones released that cause vasoconstriction
  3. Platelets aggregate in a positive feedback cycle
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26
Q

What is the process in which enzymes promote a fibrin mesh formation to trap formed elements?

A

Coagulation

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27
Q

Thrombin

A

Enzyme that induces clotting by converting fibrinogen to fibrin

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28
Q

Fibrinogen

A

A soluble blood protein that is converted to insoluble fibrin during blood clotting.

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29
Q

The critical “natural” clot-buster is a fibrin-digesting enzyme called ____, which is produced when the plasma protein ____ is activated.

A

Plasmin; Plasminogen

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30
Q

A reduction in the number of platelets circulating in the blood.

A

Thrombocytopenia

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31
Q

Antigens

A

Highly specific glycoprotein and glycolipid markers on RBC surface

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32
Q

About 85% of Americans are Rh ____, meaning their RBC’s carry the ____ antigen.

A

Positive; D

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33
Q

The blood volume in an average adult is ?

A

5 L

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34
Q

The hormonal stimulus that prompts RBC formation is ?

A

Erythropoietin

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35
Q

All of the following are true about RBC’s except:

A) Biconcave disc
B) Life span of 120 days
C) Contain hemoglobin
D) Contain nuclei

A

D) Erythrocytes do not contain a nucleus

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36
Q

The most numerous WBC is ?

A

Neutrophil

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37
Q

Blood proteins play an important part in what three things?

A
  1. Blood clotting
  2. Immunity
  3. Maintenance of volume
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38
Q

The leukocyte that releases histamine and other inflammatory chemicals is ?

A

Basophil

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39
Q

The blood cell that can become an anti-body secreting cell is ?

A

Lymphocyte

40
Q

Which of the following does not promote multiple steps in the clotting pathway?

A) Platelet phospholipids
B) Factor XI
C) Thrombin
D) Ca++

A

B) Factor XI

41
Q

AB positive blood means:

A) Agglutinogens A and B are present
B) There are not anti-A and B agglutinogens
C) Your blood is Rh+
D) All of the above

A

D) All of the above

42
Q

The three major categories of formed elements are:

A

Leukocytes, erythrocytes, and platelets

43
Q

The least numerous of the formed elements is

A

Leukocytes

44
Q

The “Buffy coat” consists of

A

Leukocytes and platelets

45
Q

A ____ ____ involves agglutinization of RBC’s, blockage of small blood vessels, and RBC lysis.

A

Transfusion reaction

46
Q

A major plasma protein that maintains the blood osmotic pressure is _______.

A

Albumin

47
Q

Diapedesis refers to _______.

A

the movement of leukocytes from blood vessels into tissue spaces

48
Q

To protect the body from foreign invasion, WBCs need to leave circulation and move out of capillary vessels into tissue space, a process called ____.

A

diapedesis

49
Q

Granulocytes do NOT include

A) Neutrophils
B) Monocytes
C) Basophils
D) Eosinophils

A

Monocytes

50
Q

Pernicious anemia may result from _______.

A

the lack of vitamin B12 in the diet or a deficiency of the intrinsic factor needed to absorb vitamin B12

51
Q

The final step in clot formation is _______.

A

fibrinogen → fibrin

52
Q

Which leukocytes contain histamine in their granules?

A

basophils

53
Q

The life span of platelets is between ___ ___ days.

A

5 and 10

54
Q

Which property do white blood cells (WBCs) have in common?

A

WBCs are nucleated and have a protective function.

55
Q

Which of the following types of white blood cells kills parasitic worms and plays a role in the body’s response to allergens and asthma?

A

eosinophils

56
Q

Mast cells are most similar to which type of leukocyte?

A

basophils

57
Q

____ are specific immune system cells that destroy the body’s invaders.

A

Lymphocytes

58
Q

The percentage of total volume used to determine the number of erythrocytes in a blood sample is referred to as the _______.

A

hematocrit

59
Q

The buffy coat that appears after a sample of blood has been centrifuged contains _______.

A

WBCs and platelets

60
Q

Another term for reduced hemoglobin is ______.

A

deoxyhemoglobin

61
Q

Which type of anemia results from the destruction or inhibition of the red marrow by drugs, chemicals, ionizing radiation, or viruses?

A

aplastic anemia

62
Q

The process of actively metabolizing oxygen by neutrophils to produce bleach and hydrogen to kill bacteria is known as _______.

A

the respiratory burst

63
Q

Thromboxane A2 action

A

Attracts more platelets to the site of damage and increases vascular spasm in the damaged area

64
Q

Prostacyclin action

A

Limits the platelet plug to the immediate damaged area.

65
Q

Erythroblastosis fetalis is caused by _______.

A

an Rh incompatibility between an Rh– mother and her Rh+ baby during pregnancy

66
Q

A ____ is a stationary clot that may occlude circulation and lead to death of the surrounding tissue.

A

thrombus

67
Q

Eighty-five percent of Americans carry the ___ Rh agglutinogen on their RBCs.

A

D

68
Q

Erythropoietin (EPO) is made primarily by the ______.

A

Kidneys

69
Q

Aging red blood cells are fragmented and trapped in the ______.

A

Spleen

70
Q

A patient who lacks intrinsic factor would likely develop _______.

A

pernicious anemia

71
Q

The migration of white blood cells out of the capillary blood vessels is called _______.

A

diapedesis

72
Q

Small agranulocyte with a lifespan that ranges from a few hours to decades

A

Lymphocyte

73
Q

What granulocyte has a bilobed nucleus and dark-staining cytoplasmic granules?

A

Basophil

74
Q

Overproduction of white blood cells is called _______.

A

leukocytosis

75
Q

____ is an abnormally low number of white blood cells

A

Leukopenia

76
Q

Which of the following is true regarding the extrinsic pathway of blood clotting?

A) The extrinsic pathway is independent of procoagulants.

B) The extrinsic pathway is triggered by tissue factor.

C) The extrinsic pathway is slower than the intrinsic pathway of blood clotting.

D) The extrinsic pathway does not involve calcium ions.

A

B) The extrinsic pathway is triggered by tissue factor.

77
Q

Both intrinsic and extrinsic coagulation pathways require ____ and ____.

A

calcium ions and procoagulants

78
Q

Thrombin action

A

converts fibrinogen to fibrin

79
Q

Prothrombin activator action

A

generates thrombin

80
Q

Heparin action

A

inhibits coagulation

81
Q

Plasmin action

A

fibrin-digesting enzyme

82
Q

Platelet-derived growth factor action

A

stimulates blood vessel healing

83
Q

Fetal hemoglobin has a ____ affinity for oxygen than does adult hemoglobin.

A

higher

84
Q

List five chemical components of blood plasma

A
  1. Water
  2. Salt
  3. Hormones
  4. Proteins
  5. Sugar
85
Q

Erythrocytes compose _____ % of the blood.

A

40-45%

86
Q

Erythrocytes only live ___ months, but healthy bone marrow produces approximately ___ to ___ billion per hour!

A

4 months; 4-5 billion

87
Q

When a platelet plug forms, it slows blood loss from the damaged blood vessel in ___ to ___ minutes.

A

3-5

88
Q

How long does a platelet plug remain in the body?

A

24-72 hours

89
Q

Lymphocytes and ____ are agranular leukocytes.

A

Monocytes

90
Q

The buffy coat accounts for less than ___ percent of blood volume

A

one

91
Q

What is the most numerous leukocyte?

A

Neutrophil

92
Q

What cell fragments to form platelets?

A

Megakaryocytes

93
Q

Rank the lymphocytes from most abundant to least.

A
  1. Neutrophil (most abundant)
  2. Lymphocytes
  3. Monocytes
  4. Eosinophils
  5. Basophils
94
Q

What blood type is the universal donor?

A

O

95
Q

What blood type is the universal recipient?

A

AB

96
Q

The plasma component that forms the fibrous skeleton of a clot consists of ?

A

Fibrinogen

97
Q

The blood cell that can attack a specific antigen is a ?

A

Lymphocyte

SAC A&P II (19 decks)

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