Ch. 17 Blood Flashcards
The most abundant plasma protein
Albumin
Blood pH
7.35-7.45
3 functions of blood:
- Transport substances through body
- Regulate pH, temperature, & fluid volume
- Protect from blood loss and immune response
What are the components of blood?
Erythrocytes 45%
Plasma 55%
Buffy coat <1%
What is hematocrit?
The percentage of whole blood made up of red blood cells
Identify the most numerous formed element of blood.
Erythrocytes
Anemia can be divided into 3 causes:
- Blood loss (ulcer)
- Not enough RBC’s (iron or B12 deficiency)
- Too many RBC’s destroyed
An abnormally high number of erythrocytes.
Polycythemia
Select a structural characteristic of a red blood cell that contributes to its gas transport function.
A) The cytoplasm contains albumin
B) The presence of many mitochondria produce ATP
C) The biconcave shape provides a greater surface area
D) The multilobed nucleus permits the cells to pass through narrow capillaries
C) Without nuclei, the RBC’s assume a biconcave shape
Inadequate blood oxygen levels causes the kidneys to release what chemical messenger?
Erythropoietin (EPO) stimulates the red bone marrow to produce more erythrocytes
Basophil
Eosinophil
Lymphocyte
Monocyte
Neutrophil
Neutrohphil function
Phagocytize bacteria
Eosinophil function
Kill parasitic worms (helminths)
Basophil function
Release histamine, causing vasodilation and inflammation
Lymphocyte function
Direct cell attack
Monocyte function
Phagocytosis of foreign invaders
What are two types of lymphocytes?
- T cells; act against viruses and tumors
- B cells; produce antibodies (immunoglobulins
Which leukocyte kills parasitic worms by releasing enzymes from cytoplasmic granules?
Eosinophils
Platelets are cell fragments from extraordinarily large cells called ?
Megakaryocytes
Hemostasis involves what three processes?
- Vascular spasm
- Platelet plug formation
- Coagulation
Platelet plug formation involves what three steps?
- Adhesion to damaged blood vessel
- Enzymes and hormones released that cause vasoconstriction
- Platelets aggregate in a positive feedback cycle
What is the process in which enzymes promote a fibrin mesh formation to trap formed elements?
Coagulation
Thrombin
Enzyme that induces clotting by converting fibrinogen to fibrin
Fibrinogen
A soluble blood protein that is converted to insoluble fibrin during blood clotting.
The critical “natural” clot-buster is a fibrin-digesting enzyme called ____, which is produced when the plasma protein ____ is activated.
Plasmin; Plasminogen
A reduction in the number of platelets circulating in the blood.
Thrombocytopenia
Antigens
Highly specific glycoprotein and glycolipid markers on RBC surface
About 85% of Americans are Rh ____, meaning their RBC’s carry the ____ antigen.
Positive; D
The blood volume in an average adult is ?
5 L
The hormonal stimulus that prompts RBC formation is ?
Erythropoietin
All of the following are true about RBC’s except:
A) Biconcave disc
B) Life span of 120 days
C) Contain hemoglobin
D) Contain nuclei
D) Erythrocytes do not contain a nucleus
The most numerous WBC is ?
Neutrophil
Blood proteins play an important part in what three things?
- Blood clotting
- Immunity
- Maintenance of volume
The leukocyte that releases histamine and other inflammatory chemicals is ?
Basophil
The blood cell that can become an anti-body secreting cell is ?
Lymphocyte
Which of the following does not promote multiple steps in the clotting pathway?
A) Platelet phospholipids
B) Factor XI
C) Thrombin
D) Ca++
B) Factor XI
AB positive blood means:
A) Agglutinogens A and B are present
B) There are not anti-A and B agglutinogens
C) Your blood is Rh+
D) All of the above
D) All of the above
The three major categories of formed elements are:
Leukocytes, erythrocytes, and platelets
The least numerous of the formed elements is
Leukocytes
The “Buffy coat” consists of
Leukocytes and platelets
A ____ ____ involves agglutinization of RBC’s, blockage of small blood vessels, and RBC lysis.
Transfusion reaction
A major plasma protein that maintains the blood osmotic pressure is _______.
Albumin
Diapedesis refers to _______.
the movement of leukocytes from blood vessels into tissue spaces
To protect the body from foreign invasion, WBCs need to leave circulation and move out of capillary vessels into tissue space, a process called ____.
diapedesis
Granulocytes do NOT include
A) Neutrophils
B) Monocytes
C) Basophils
D) Eosinophils
Monocytes
Pernicious anemia may result from _______.
the lack of vitamin B12 in the diet or a deficiency of the intrinsic factor needed to absorb vitamin B12
The final step in clot formation is _______.
fibrinogen → fibrin
Which leukocytes contain histamine in their granules?
basophils
The life span of platelets is between ___ ___ days.
5 and 10
Which property do white blood cells (WBCs) have in common?
WBCs are nucleated and have a protective function.
Which of the following types of white blood cells kills parasitic worms and plays a role in the body’s response to allergens and asthma?
eosinophils
Mast cells are most similar to which type of leukocyte?
basophils
____ are specific immune system cells that destroy the body’s invaders.
Lymphocytes
The percentage of total volume used to determine the number of erythrocytes in a blood sample is referred to as the _______.
hematocrit
The buffy coat that appears after a sample of blood has been centrifuged contains _______.
WBCs and platelets
Another term for reduced hemoglobin is ______.
deoxyhemoglobin
Which type of anemia results from the destruction or inhibition of the red marrow by drugs, chemicals, ionizing radiation, or viruses?
aplastic anemia
The process of actively metabolizing oxygen by neutrophils to produce bleach and hydrogen to kill bacteria is known as _______.
the respiratory burst
Thromboxane A2 action
Attracts more platelets to the site of damage and increases vascular spasm in the damaged area
Prostacyclin action
Limits the platelet plug to the immediate damaged area.
Erythroblastosis fetalis is caused by _______.
an Rh incompatibility between an Rh– mother and her Rh+ baby during pregnancy
A ____ is a stationary clot that may occlude circulation and lead to death of the surrounding tissue.
thrombus
Eighty-five percent of Americans carry the ___ Rh agglutinogen on their RBCs.
D
Erythropoietin (EPO) is made primarily by the ______.
Kidneys
Aging red blood cells are fragmented and trapped in the ______.
Spleen
A patient who lacks intrinsic factor would likely develop _______.
pernicious anemia
The migration of white blood cells out of the capillary blood vessels is called _______.
diapedesis
Small agranulocyte with a lifespan that ranges from a few hours to decades
Lymphocyte
What granulocyte has a bilobed nucleus and dark-staining cytoplasmic granules?
Basophil
Overproduction of white blood cells is called _______.
leukocytosis
____ is an abnormally low number of white blood cells
Leukopenia
Which of the following is true regarding the extrinsic pathway of blood clotting?
A) The extrinsic pathway is independent of procoagulants.
B) The extrinsic pathway is triggered by tissue factor.
C) The extrinsic pathway is slower than the intrinsic pathway of blood clotting.
D) The extrinsic pathway does not involve calcium ions.
B) The extrinsic pathway is triggered by tissue factor.
Both intrinsic and extrinsic coagulation pathways require ____ and ____.
calcium ions and procoagulants
Thrombin action
converts fibrinogen to fibrin
Prothrombin activator action
generates thrombin
Heparin action
inhibits coagulation
Plasmin action
fibrin-digesting enzyme
Platelet-derived growth factor action
stimulates blood vessel healing
Fetal hemoglobin has a ____ affinity for oxygen than does adult hemoglobin.
higher
List five chemical components of blood plasma
- Water
- Salt
- Hormones
- Proteins
- Sugar
Erythrocytes compose _____ % of the blood.
40-45%
Erythrocytes only live ___ months, but healthy bone marrow produces approximately ___ to ___ billion per hour!
4 months; 4-5 billion
When a platelet plug forms, it slows blood loss from the damaged blood vessel in ___ to ___ minutes.
3-5
How long does a platelet plug remain in the body?
24-72 hours
Lymphocytes and ____ are agranular leukocytes.
Monocytes
The buffy coat accounts for less than ___ percent of blood volume
one
What is the most numerous leukocyte?
Neutrophil
What cell fragments to form platelets?
Megakaryocytes
Rank the lymphocytes from most abundant to least.
- Neutrophil (most abundant)
- Lymphocytes
- Monocytes
- Eosinophils
- Basophils
What blood type is the universal donor?
O
What blood type is the universal recipient?
AB
The plasma component that forms the fibrous skeleton of a clot consists of ?
Fibrinogen
The blood cell that can attack a specific antigen is a ?
Lymphocyte
