Ch. 25 Urinary System Flashcards
How is Na+ reabsorbed?
by active transport using ATP
The major calyces are the _____.
large branches of the renal pelvis
Micturition is ____.
the release of urine from the bladder via the urethra
The basic functional unit of the kidney is the _____.
nephron
The blood supply leading directly into the nephron is the ______.
afferent arteriole
The glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule and glomerulus make up the _____.
renal corpuscle
An important factor directly affecting the glomerular filtration rate is ______.
net filtration pressure
GFR is directly proportional to ____.
NFP
When the concentration of ADH increases, ______.
less urine is produced
Which process results in increased blood pressure in response to hormone release?
renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism
Which structure is the muscular tube that delivers urine to the bladder?
ureter
What substance would NOT normally be expected in urine?
protein
Normally, ____ are too large to be filtered.
proteins
Arrange the following structures to represent the sequence in which urine passes through them to the external environment: (1) ureter, (2) renal pelvis, (3) calyx, (4) urinary bladder, and (5) urethra.
3, 2, 1, 4, 5
If the efferent arteriole constricts while the afferent arteriole remains unchanged, the glomerular filtration rate ______.
increases
If the efferent arteriole constricts while the afferent arteriole remains unchanged, the ____ increases.
glomerular filtration rate
The presence of glucose and ketone bodies in the urine can indicate ______.
untreated diabetes mellitus
While epinephrine affects GFR, epinephrine is produced by the ____, not the urinary system.
adrenal medulla
The renal hilum lies on the _____ surface of the kidney.
medial
The ______ cushions the kidney and helps attach it to the posterior body wall.
perirenal fat capsule
Renal ptosis may lead to ______.
hydronephrosis due to urine backup
____ is the dropping of a kidney to a lower position, which may cause a ureter to become kinked, causing urine to back up (hydronephrosis).
Renal ptosis
The renal _____ is continuous with the ureter.
pelvis
The ____ is not considered part of the filtration membrane in the glomerulus.
renal capsule
What structure(s) is/are part of the juxtaglomerular complex and act(s) as a mechanoreceptor, sensing blood pressure in the afferent arteriole?
granular cells
As enlarged smooth muscle cells in the arteriolar walls, ____ release renin in response to a drop in mean arterial blood pressure.
granular cells
Filtration is carried out in the ____, not in the renal tubules.
glomerulus
Which nephron capillary bed specializes in forming concentrated urine?
vasa recta
The energy needed for secondary active transport is provided by the _____.
concentration gradient established by Na+
Which structure is the countercurrent multiplier in the kidney?
the loop of Henle of a juxtamedullary nephron
Urea transport out of the medullary collecting duct is enhanced by ______.
ADH
____ indirectly enhances urea transport out of the medullary collecting duct.
ADH
What is the standard substance used to measure the GFR?
inulin
____ is the standard substance used to measure the GFR because it is freely filtrated and not reabsorbed or secreted by the kidney.
Inulin
What substances is the largest component of urine by weight after water?
urea
Primary nocturnal enuresis usually occurs in ____.
children under the age of 6 years
Every day the kidneys filter nearly ______ of fluid from the bloodstream.
200 liters
T/F
The perirenal fat capsule is a transparent capsule that prevents infections in surrounding regions from spreading to the kidney.
False
The ____ is a fatty mass that surrounds the kidney and cushions it against blows.
perirenal fat capsule
The ______ is the darker, reddish-brown area of the kidney that exhibits cone-shaped tissue masses called renal pyramids.
renal medulla
Under normal resting conditions, the ______ arteries deliver one-fourth of the total cardiac output (about 1200 ml) to the kidneys each minute.
renal
______ are the structural and functional units of the kidneys, which carry out the processes that form urine.
Nephrons
In what part of the nephron is plasma filtered?
in the renal corpuscle
T/F
The hydrostatic pressure in glomerular capillaries is the chief force pushing water and solutes out of the blood and across the filtration membrane.
True
Glomerular hydrostatic pressure (HPg), which is essentially glomerular blood pressure, is the chief force pushing ___ and ___ out of the blood and across the filtration membrane.
water; solutes
T/F
In situations in which there is an extreme change of blood pressure (e.g., mean arterial pressure of less than 80 mm Hg), extrinsic controls take precedence over intrinsic blood pressure controls.
True
Which of the following homeostatic imbalances is indicative that glomerular blood pressure may be too low to cause filtration?
A) anuria
B) renal ptosis
C) hydronephrosis
D) pyelitis
anuria
The reason glucose is detected in the urine of individuals with uncontrolled diabetes mellitus is that ______.
the transport maximum for glucose reabsorption has been exceeded
T/F
Water can leave the ascending limb of the nephron loop.
False
Water can leave the ___ limb of the nephron loop but not the ___ limb.
descending; ascending
Tubular secretion is important for (4):
(1) disposing of substances, such as certain drugs and metabolites that are tightly bound to plasma proteins
(2) eliminating undesirable substances or end products that have been reabsorbed by passive processes
(3) ridding the body of excess K+
(4) controlling blood pH.
T/F
The descending limb of the nephron loop is relatively impermeable to solutes and freely permeable to water.
True
T/F
Alcohol and many drugs prescribed for hypertension are examples of diuretics.
True
What is the pH of freshly voided urine in a healthy person?
It is slightly basic in pH
T/F
The urethra has two functions in men but only one in women.
True
The length and functions of the urethra differ in the two sexes. The male urethra has a double function: it carries semen as well as urine out of the body.
After the toddler years, incontinence is usually a result of (3):
emotional problems
physical pressure during pregnancy
nervous system problems.
