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SAC A&P II > Ch. 24 Nutrition & Metabolism > Flashcards

Ch. 24 Nutrition & Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

A major means for conserving heat is _____.

increased convective loss
enhanced sweating
increased metabolic rate
vasoconstriction of cutaneous blood vessels

A

vasoconstriction of cutaneous blood vessels

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2
Q

During glycolysis, glucose must be activated by how many ATP molecules?

one
two
three
five
ten
A

two

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3
Q

Most vitamins _____.

function as coenzymes in the body
are carbohydrates
are used as building blocks for the body
are metabolized to make ATP

A

function as coenzymes in the body

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4
Q

One function of vitamin A is to ______.

help with calcium absorption
transfer electrons in cellular respiration
form visual pigments
synthesize DNA
assist in blood clotting
A

form visual pigments

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5
Q

Retinol in the visual pigments is derived from vitamin ___.

A

A

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6
Q

The hormone responsible for setting the basal metabolic rate is _____.

thyroxine
glucagon
melanin
insulin
melatonin
A

thyroxine

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7
Q

The site of electron transport is the _____.

mitochondrial matrix
Golgi body
mitochondrial inner membrane (cristae)
mitochondrial outer membrane
cytoplasm
A

mitochondrial inner membrane (cristae)

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8
Q

The main integrating center for thermoregulation is located in the _____.

mitochondrion
spinal cord
thymus gland
hypothalamus
liver
A

hypothalamus

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9
Q

Which coenzyme is reduced in both glycolysis and the Krebs cycle?

NAD
vitamin A
FAD
manganese
coenzyme A
A

NAD

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10
Q

Which element below is considered a trace mineral?

potassium
chromium
sodium
phosphorus
chlorine
A

chromium

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11
Q

Which lipoprotein contains the most cholesterol?

chylomicron
HDL
IDL
VLDL
LDL
A

LDL

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12
Q

LDLs are about ___% cholesterol.

A

45

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13
Q

Nutritionally incomplete proteins are low in _____.

one or more of the essential amino acids
one or more of the major vitamins
one or more of the coenzymes
one or more of the essential fatty acids

A

one or more of the essential amino acids

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14
Q

Most of the ATP produced during cellular respiration is produced by ______.

substrate-level phosphorylation
oxidative phosphorylation during the chemiosmotic process
glycolysis
gluconeogenesis
the Krebs cycle
A

oxidative phosphorylation during the chemiosmotic process

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15
Q

A function of the liver during the postabsorptive state is ______.

to store excess glucose by glycogenesis
electron transport to release glucose
glycolysis
lipogenesis
to mobilize glucose reserves by glycogenolysis
A

to mobilize glucose reserves by glycogenolysis

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16
Q

The hormone that controls essentially all events of the absorptive state is ______.

ADH
thyroxine
calcitonin
glucagon
insulin
A

insulin

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17
Q

Which of the following factors makes it harder for an obese person to lose weight?

an increase in alpha receptors (the kind that favors fat accumulation) in fat cells
an increase in metabolism that increases appetite
an increase in thyroxine levels as fat levels accumulate
an increase in taste receptors
an increase in heat loss from the body that requires more food intake

A

an increase in alpha receptors (the kind that favors fat accumulation) in fat cells

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18
Q

Which of the following is NOT a physiological response to hypothermia?

dehydration
reduced heart rate
drowsiness
reduced respiratory rate
shivering
A

dehydration

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19
Q

A kilocalorie is the amount of energy ______.

stored in 1 kilogram of water
needed to move 1 kilogram of water 1 meter
needed to heat 1 kilogram of water 1°C
needed to heat 1 kilogram of water 1°F

A

needed to heat 1 kilogram of water 1°C

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20
Q

Essential nutrients refer to nutrients that are _____.

only found in grains
synthesized every day in the body
stored in the body for times of starvation
limited in synthesis and therefore must be consumed

A

limited in synthesis and therefore must be consumed

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21
Q

Prolonged high protein intake can lead to ______.

a negative nitrogen balance
kidney damage
muscle building
loss of bone mass

A

loss of bone mass

22
Q

Prolonged high protein intake can lead to loss of bone mass due to ___ imbalance.

A

pH

23
Q

Which of the following substances is considered a provitamin?

iron
vitamin D
beta-carotene
niacin

A

beta-carotene

24
Q

Which of the following fat-soluble vitamins is NOT stored in the body?

vitamin A
vitamin K
vitamin E
vitamin D

A

vitamin K

25
Q

The final product of glycolysis is _____.

glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
two FAD molecules
two molecules of pyruvic acid, two molecules of NAD+, and a net gain of two ATP
two molecules of acetyl coenzyme A and two molecules of carbon dioxide

A

two molecules of pyruvic acid, two molecules of NAD+, and a net gain of two ATP

26
Q

Cyanide acts as a poison by _____.

interfering with the flow of electrons in the electron transport chain
blocking glycolysis
abolishing the proton gradient by making the cristae membrane permeable to H+
irreversibly binding to oxygen

A

interfering with the flow of electrons in the electron transport chain

27
Q

During fasts lasting several weeks, blood glucose is maintained by _____.

gluconeogenesis
glycolysis
glycogenolysis
lipolysis

A

gluconeogenesis

28
Q

A low-density lipoprotein contains ______.

a high amino-acid content
a low cholesterol content
a high protein content
a high lipid content

A

a high lipid content

29
Q

The role of ______ is to transport excessive cholesterol from peripheral tissue to the liver, where it is broken down and becomes part of bile.

chylomicrons
very low-density lipoproteins
low-density lipoproteins
high-density lipoproteins

A

high-density lipoproteins

30
Q

The official medical measurement of obesity is the _____.

body mass index
proportion of LDLs to body weight
basal metabolic rate
proportion of bone density to weight

A

body mass index

31
Q

_____ acts to suppress appetite by inhibiting _____, which is the most powerful known appetite stimulant.

Leptin; neuropeptide Y
Serotonin; adrenaline
Insulin; glucagon
Growth hormone; lipase

A

Leptin; neuropeptide Y

32
Q

Which of the following statements about “redox” reactions in human metabolism is correct?

Oxidized substances lose oxygen.
Oxidized substances gain energy.
The substance being reduced loses an electron.
Coenzymes accept hydrogen.

A

Coenzymes accept hydrogen.

33
Q

Which of the following is a micronutrient?

carbohydrate
mineral
lipid
protein

A

mineral

34
Q

glucose

A

exclusive energy source for neurons

35
Q

protein

A

used to build enzymes

36
Q

minerals

A

may be incorporated into structures to make them stronger

37
Q

cholesterol

A

serves as a precursor to hormones and maintains the fluidity of the plasma membrane

38
Q

vitamins

A

can function as coenzymes

39
Q

A person who is starving is likely to exhibit _____.

nitrogen balance
negative nitrogen balance
positive nitrogen balance
neutral nitrogen balance

A

negative nitrogen balance

40
Q

T/F

Fat-soluble vitamins can be toxic if consumed in large quantities.

A

True

41
Q

Which of the following is an example of catabolism?

lipid synthesis
absorbing nutrients into the blood from the intestines
cellular respiration
using amino acids to make a protein

A

cellular respiration

42
Q

T/F

A substance that is reduced has lost an electron.

A

False

43
Q

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of glycolysis?

Glycolysis occurs in the cytosol of a cell.
The final products of glycolysis include two molecules of pyruvic acid.
Glycolysis produces a net gain of 2 ATP molecules per glucose molecule.
Glycolysis requires oxygen.

A

Glycolysis requires oxygen.

44
Q

Which of the following is a characteristic of the citric acid (Krebs) cycle?

The citric acid cycle generates a rich supply of the reduced coenzymes, NADH and FADH2.
The citric acid cycle is an anaerobic pathway.
Pyruvic acid directly enters the citric acid cycle.
The citric acid cycle occurs in the cytosol of the cell.

A

The citric acid cycle generates a rich supply of the reduced coenzymes, NADH and FADH2.

45
Q

The final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain is _____.

CO2
oxygen
water
NADH

A

oxygen

46
Q

As proteins are broken down for energy, _____ is generated; the liver then converts this potentially toxic intermediate into _____.

ammonia; glucose
urea; water
acid; ammonia
ammonia; urea

A

ammonia; urea

47
Q

In the absorptive state, _____.

insulin serves as the main regulatory hormone
catabolism exceeds anabolism
glycogen is broken down to release glucose
fats are the main energy fuel

A

insulin serves as the main regulatory hormone

48
Q

In the postabsorptive state, ______.

anabolism exceeds catabolism
glucose is the main energy source
insulin serves as the main regulatory hormone
glycogen is broken down to release glucose

A

glycogen is broken down to release glucose

49
Q

_____ are considered “good” cholesterol; high blood levels of this cholesterol are thought to be beneficial.

VLDLs
Chylomicrons
LDLs
HDLs

A

HDLs

50
Q

Which of the following is considered a long-term regulator of feeding behavior?

blood concentrations of amino acids and fatty acids
stimulation of stretch receptors
leptin levels
cholecystokinin (CCK) levels

A

leptin levels

51
Q

T/F

The body’s overall rate of energy output is called the basal metabolic rate.

A

False

52
Q

Which of the following would raise body temperature?

evaporation
thyroxine
dilation of cutaneous blood vessels
sweating

A

thyroxine

SAC A&P II (19 decks)

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