Ch. 22 Respiratory System Flashcards
During inspiration, air moves into the lungs because _____.
the gas pressure in the lungs becomes lower than the outside pressure as the diaphragm contracts
Alveolar ventilation rate is ____.
the movement of air into and out of the alveoli during a particular time
Hemoglobin has a tendency to release oxygen where ______.
pH is more acidic
Boyle’s law states that ____.
volume changes lead to pressure changes
The Bohr effect states that ____.
CO2 loading and lower pH enhance O2 release
In the alveoli, the partial pressure of oxygen is ______.
approximately 104 millimeters of mercury
The partial pressure of oxygen in the alveoli is approximately ___ millimeters of mercury, which is about 35% less than that of the atmospheric PO2.
104
Most of the carbon dioxide transported by the blood is ______.
converted to bicarbonate ions and transported in plasma
The elastic cartilage that shields the opening to the larynx during swallowing is the ______.
epiglottis
The epiglottis shields the opening to the ___ during swallowing.
larynx
The movement of air into and out of the lungs is called ______.
pulmonary ventilation
Which tissue lines the trachea?
pseudostratified columnar epithelium
____ is the maximum amount of air that can be expired after a maximum inspiratory event.
Vital capacity
The ____ are air passages under 1 millimeter in diameter.
bronchioles
Involuntary hyperventilation during an anxiety attack can cause a person to become faint because of _______.
lowered CO2 levels in the blood and consequent constriction of cerebral blood vessels
Lowered CO2 levels in the blood cause cerebral blood vessels to ____ , reducing brain perfusion and causing ischemia.
constrict
Which of the following gases has NO effect in the blood until hyperbaric conditions occur, such as in scuba diving, and can form bubbles in blood when an individual surfaces too quickly?
nitrogen
____ conditions can cause nitrogen to form bubbles in blood when an individual surfaces too quickly.
Hyperbaric
What term describes the increase in depth and force of breathing that occurs during vigorous exercise?
hyperpnea
Approximately 20% of carbon dioxide is transported in the blood as _______.
carbaminohemoglobin
The ___ in the medulla generates the basic respiratory rhythm.
Ventral Respiratory Group (VRG)
What is NOT a function of the conducting zone of the respiratory tract?
gas exchange
The walls of the conducting zone are too thick to allow____.
gas exchange
Loudness of voice depends on the ___ with which the air stream rushes over the vocal cords.
force
The C-shaped ____ in the trachea wall, not the trachealis muscle, prevent the trachea from collapsing and keeps it patent despite the pressure changes that take place during breathing.
cartilage rings
What enzyme, which is ideally located in the lung capillary membrane of the pulmonary circuit, acts on material in the blood, thereby activating an important blood pressure hormone?
angiotensin converting enzyme
What type of pressure keeps the air spaces in the lungs open?
transpulmonary
Loss of lung elasticity is a contributing factor in ____, not atelectasis.
emphysema
Airway resistance is insignificant in relationship to gas flow because ______.
the airways branch extensively as they get smaller, resulting in a huge total cross-sectional area
The transpulmonary pressure is the difference between the ______ and the ______ pressure.
intrapulmonary; intrapleural
Which substance, produced by type II alveolar cells, decreases alveolar surface tension?
surfactant
____ are nonrespiratory movements that are caused by the presence of an irritant in the nasal cavity.
Sneezes
The dorsal respiratory group _______.
is located near the root of cranial nerve IX
The pontine respiratory group is responsible for all of the following functions EXCEPT _______.
stimulating the contraction of the diaphragm
T/F
The respiratory zone is composed of the trachea and the paranasal sinuses.
False
What are the hairs within the nasal cavity that filter coarse particles, such as pollen and dust, from inspired air?
vibrissae
________ is the inflammation of the nasal mucosa accompanied by excessive mucus production, nasal congestion, and postnasal drip.
Rhinitis
List the regions of the pharynx from superior to inferior.
nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx
The ______ is covered by a mucosa containing taste buds and keeps food out of the lower respiratory passages.
epiglottis
T/F
The bronchial, or respiratory, tree branches approximately 23 times within the lungs.
True
The ______ are the main site of gas exchange within the lungs.
alveoli
The ______ is the elastic connective tissue found within the lungs.
stroma
______, or lung collapse, is a homeostatic imbalance that occurs when a bronchiole becomes plugged.
Atelectasis
When too little surfactant is present, surface tension forces can collapse the ____.
alveoli
Since inadequate pulmonary surfactant is produced until the last two months of fetal development, babies born prematurely often are unable to keep their ____ inflated between breaths because of a lack of surfactant.
alveoli
T/F
Henry’s law states that the total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is the sum of the pressures exerted independently by each gas in the mixture.
False (Dalton’s law)
T/F
Henry’s law states that when a gas is in contact with a liquid, that gas will dissolve in the liquid in proportion to its partial pressure.
True
hich form of hypoxia occurs when body cells are unable to use O2 even though adequate amounts are delivered? (This type of hypoxia is usually the consequence of metabolic poisons, such as cyanide.)
histotoxic hypoxia
Which form of CO2 transport accounts for the greatest amount of CO2 transported in blood?
as bicarbonate ions in plasma
The increase in ventilation in response to metabolic needs is called ______.
hyperpnea
T/F
Emphysema is distinguished by permanent enlargement of the alveoli and loss of lung elasticity.
True
T/F
Lung cancer is among the easiest forms of cancer to successfully treat and cure.
False
____ cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in both men and women in North America
Lung
