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SAC A&P II > Ch. 23 Digestive System > Flashcards

Ch. 23 Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

In order to prevent self-digestion of the pancreas, activation of pancreatic proteases occurs in the ______.

pancreas
stomach
gallbladder
duodenum
liver
A

duodenum

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2
Q

The pancreatic duct empties into the ____, where activation of proteases occurs.

A

duodenum

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3
Q

During deglutition, the bolus passes into the stomach from the esophagus through the ______.

pyloric sphincter
urethral sphincter
ileocecal valve
esophageal sphincter
gastroesophageal sphincter
A

gastroesophageal sphincter

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4
Q

During the intestinal phase of gastric regulation, ______.

the stomach is initially stimulated and later inhibited
the gastroenteric reflex reduces stomach activity
secretin causes more HCl release
hormones reduce chief cell activity
the enterogastric reflex is turned off

A

the stomach is initially stimulated and later inhibited

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5
Q

What intestinal structure(s) consist(s) of protective aggregated nodules of lymphocytes and macrophages?

the muscularis mucosae
the gastric pits
the intestinal crypts
the muscularis externa
Peyer’s patches
A

Peyer’s patches

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6
Q

What are the main organic molecules digested in the stomach?

salts
carbohydrates
lipids
nucleic acids
proteins
A

proteins

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7
Q

The main enzyme produced by the stomach is ____, which digests protein (gastric lipases are only of minor importance).

A

pepsin

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8
Q

The main propulsive force that occurs in the majority of the alimentary canal is called ______.

peristalsis
segmentation
defecation
ingestion
swallowing
A

peristalsis

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9
Q

Which of the following is a characteristic of the large intestine?

It contains epiploic appendages.
It is longer than the small intestine.
It provides no absorptive function.
It is the site for acid neutralization.
It has villi.
A

It contains epiploic appendages.

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10
Q

Which regulatory chemical stimulates gastric gland activity and motility?

secretin
histamine
vasoactive peptide
CCK
gastrin
A

gastrin

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11
Q

____ is the major stomach hormone. Both the stomach and the small intestine produce this chemical.

A

Gastrin

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12
Q

Which sequence below represents the correct order of the tunics of the GI tract, starting from the layer adjacent to the lumen and moving superficially?

mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa
submucosa, mucosa, muscularis externa, serosa
mucosa, muscularis externa, submucosa, serosa
muscularis externa, serosa, submucosa, mucosa
serosa, mucosa, muscularis externa, submucosa

A

mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa

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13
Q

What substances from different organs would mix together at the hepatopancreatic ampulla?

secretin and CCK
bile and pancreatic enzymes
brush border enzymes and intrinsic factor
HCl and pepsin

A

bile and pancreatic enzymes

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14
Q

What would be the effect of stripping the small intestines of their villi?

The large intestine would take over as the primary absorptive site.
decreased surface area for absorption
Salivary amylase secretion would increase.
A duodenal ulcer would develop.

A

decreased surface area for absorption

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15
Q

Which of the following products does the stomach produce?

bile and trypsin
mucus and amylase
pepsinogen and secretin
HCl and intrinsic factor

A

HCl and intrinsic factor

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16
Q

The final product of carbohydrate digestion is ______.

glycogen
polysaccharides
monosaccharides
starch
disaccharides
A

monosaccharides

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17
Q

Which of the following cells produce HCl?

chief cells
mucous cells
parietal cells
enteroendocrine cells
G cells
A

parietal cells

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18
Q

___ cells make HCl and intrinsic factor.

A

Parietal

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19
Q

Which of the following cells produce pepsinogen?

G cells
parietal cells
chief cells
mucous cells
enteroendocrine cells
A

chief cells

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20
Q

____ is the inactive form of pepsin, which is produced by chief cells located in the basal region of gastric glands.

A

Pepsinogen

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21
Q

The digestive system in a cadaver is longer than in a living person because, in a cadaver, there is NO ______.

muscle tone
enzymatic activity
food in the alimentary canal
digestion taking place

A

muscle tone

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22
Q

Emulsification of which organic molecules would be most affected if the liver were severely damaged?

nucleic acids
proteins
carbohydrates
lipids

A

lipids

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23
Q

Fat emulsification occurs by the detergent action of ____ from the liver.

A

bile salts

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24
Q

The short reflexes in the digestive system are stimulated by ______.

the enteric nerve plexuses
the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system
the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system
higher brain centers

A

the enteric nerve plexuses

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25
Q

Which of the following statements about the mesentery is INCORRECT?

It holds the organs of the abdomen in place.
Omenta is the special name for part of the mesentery extending from the curvatures of the stomach.
It provides a route for blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves to reach the digestive viscera.
It is composed of a layer of serous membrane fused with a layer of mucous membrane.

A

It is composed of a layer of serous membrane fused with a layer of mucous membrane.

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26
Q

Which of the following is the most common cause of peritonitis?

a perforating ulcer of the stomach
a ruptured pancreatic cyst
a perforating abdominal wound
a burst appendix

A

a burst appendix

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27
Q

The myxovirus causes ______.

A

mumps

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28
Q

Halitosis is caused by _______.

A

increased anaerobic bacterial activity at the back of the tongue

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29
Q

____ are the most common teeth to become impacted.

A

wisdom teeth

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30
Q

Which of the following conditions is directly associated with an increased risk for heart disease and stroke?

dental caries
impacted wisdom teeth
periodontitis
gingivitis

A

periodontitis

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31
Q

The only stomach function that is essential to life is ______.

the secretion of pepsinogen
the presence of HCl
mechanical digestion
the secretion of intrinsic factor

A

the secretion of intrinsic factor

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32
Q

Some aspects of the ______ phase of gastric secretion, which occur before food enters the stomach, may be considered conditioned reflexes.

cephalic
esophageal
intestinal
gastric

A

cephalic

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33
Q

The myenteric nerve plexus is located in which tunic of the alimentary canal?

muscularis externa
submucosa
mucosa
serosa

A

muscularis externa

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34
Q

Which of the following is a function of the gallbladder?

converting pepsinogen to pepsin
metabolizing carbohydrate
secreting pancreatic juice
storing and concentrating bile

A

storing and concentrating bile

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35
Q

Many of the early food allergies seen in infants are caused by ______.

gallstones
lactase deficiency
absorption of whole proteins
excessive absorption of fat

A

absorption of whole proteins

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36
Q

Which of the following is a condition affecting the large intestine that is NOT explained by anatomical or biochemical abnormalities?

pernicious anemia
a hiatal hernia
irritable bowel syndrome
celiac disease

A

irritable bowel syndrome

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37
Q

Which of the following is NOT an accessory organ of the digestive system?

salivary glands
teeth
tongue
intestines

A

intestines

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38
Q

The major site for nutrient absorption is the ______.

large intestine
mouth
small intestine
stomach

A

small intestine

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39
Q

T/F

The enteric nervous system is the in-house nerve supply of the alimentary canal.

A

True

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40
Q

The serous membrane that covers the external surfaces of most digestive organs is called the ______.

parietal peritoneum
mesentery
visceral peritoneum
omentum

A

visceral peritoneum

41
Q

______ circulation collects nutrient-rich blood from the GI tract and delivers it to the liver.

A

Hepatic portal

42
Q

serosa

A

protective outermost layer of the alimentary canal

43
Q

mucosa

A

main site of nutrient absorption

44
Q

submucosa

A

moderately dense connective tissue that has a rich supply of blood, lymphatic vessels, and nerve fibers

45
Q

muscularis externa

A

responsible for segmentation and peristalsis

46
Q

T/F

Saliva contains enzymes that break down proteins.

A

False

47
Q

The permanent dentition consists of _____ teeth in a full set.

A

32

48
Q

T/F

A weak gastroesophageal (cardiac) sphincter can result in heartburn.

A

True

49
Q

The phases of gastric secretion, from first to last, are ______.

gastric phase, cephalic phase, intestinal phase
cephalic phase, intestinal phase, gastric phase
cephalic phase, gastric phase, intestinal phase
intestinal phase, gastric phase, cephalic phase

A

cephalic phase, gastric phase, intestinal phase

50
Q

The increased concentration of HCO3– in blood draining from the stomach is called _____.

the alkaline tide
the enterogastric reflex
the gastric phase
the chloride shift

A

the alkaline tide

51
Q

The _____ is the first segment of the small intestine.

A

duodenum

52
Q

Digestion of carbohydrates and proteins by brush border enzymes occurs within the ______ of the small intestine.

goblet cells
microvilli
villi
circular folds

A

microvilli

53
Q

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the liver?

It has a role in detoxifying the blood.
It is highly regenerative.
It stores glucose as glycogen.
It has three lobes.

A

It has three lobes.

54
Q

______ is/are NOT found in pancreatic secretions.

Procarboxypeptidase
Chymotrypsinogen
Bicarbonate ions
Cholecystokinin (CCK)

A

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

55
Q

Pancreatic juice contains _____.

A

water, enzymes, and electrolytes (mainly bicarbonate ions)

56
Q

Secretin and cholecystokinin (CCK) are released by the ____.

A

small intestine

57
Q

T/F

Most digestion occurs in the small intestine.

A

True

58
Q

Most water is absorbed in the ______.

A

small intestine

59
Q

Bacterial flora in the large intestine does NOT produce ______.

B vitamins
intrinsic factor
CO2
vitamin K

A

intrinsic factor

60
Q

T/F

Diarrhea results when food passes too quickly through the large intestine.

A

True

61
Q

Pepsin enzymatically digests ______.

A

protein

62
Q

T/F

Someone on a fat-free diet would NOT efficiently absorb vitamin D from the diet.

A

True

63
Q

The fat-soluble vitamins are ____.

A

A, D, E, and K

64
Q

Which of the following are synonyms:

A) Gastrointestinal tract
B) Digestive system
C) Digestive tract
D) Alimentary canal

A

A) Gastrointestinal tract
C) Digestive tract
D) Alimentary canal

65
Q

A digestive organ that is not part of the alimentary canal is the:

A) Stomach
B) Liver
C) Small intestine
D) Large intestine
E) Pharynx
A

B) Liver

66
Q

The GI tube layer responsible for the actions of segmentation and peristalsis is:

A) Serosa
B) Mucosa
C) Muscularis externa
D) Submucosa

A

C) Muscularis externa

67
Q

Which alimentary canal tunic has the greatest abundance of lymph nodules?

A) Mucosa
B) Muscualris
C) Serosa
D) Submucosa

A

D) Submucosa

68
Q

Proteins secreted in saliva include:

A) Mucin
B) Amylase
C) Lysozyme
D) IgA

A

A) Mucin
B) Amylase
C) Lysozyme
D) IgA

69
Q

The closure of which valve is assisted by the diaphragm?

A) Ileocecal
B) Pyloric
C) Gastroesophageal
D) Upper esophageal

A

C) Gastroesophageal

70
Q

Smooth muscle is found in the:

A) Tongue
B) Pharynx
C) Esophagus
D) External anal sphincter

A

C) Esophagus

71
Q

Which of these organs lies in the right hypochondriac region of the abdomen?

A) Stomach
B) Spleen
C) Cecum
D) Liver

A

D) Liver

72
Q

Which phase of gastric secretion depend on the vagus nerve?

A) Cephalic
B) Gastric
C) Intestinal (stimulatory)
D) Intestinal (inhibitory)

A

A) Cephalic

B) Gastric

73
Q

Which of the following are tied to sodium transport?

A) Glucose
B) Frustose
C) Galactose
D) Amino acids

A

A) Glucose
C) Galactose
D) Amino acids

74
Q

Excess iron is stored primarily in the:

A) Liver
B) Bone marrow
C) Duodenal epithelium
D) Blood

A

C) Duodenal epithelium

75
Q

A 3-year old girl was rewarded with a hug because she was toilet trained. Which muscle had she learned to control?

A) Levator ani
B) Internal anal sphincter
C) Internal and external obliques
D) External anal sphincter

A

D) External anal sphincter

76
Q

Which cell type occurs in the stomach mucosa, contains abundant mitochondria and many microvilli, and pumps hydrogen ions?

A) Absorptive cell
B) Parietal cell
C) Goblet cell
D) Mucous neck cell

A

B) Parietal cell

77
Q

Which of the following are “essential” nutrients?

A) Glucose
B) Linoleic acid
C) Cholesterol
D) Leucine

A

B) Linoleic acid

D) Leucine

78
Q

Deficiency of which of these vitamins results in anemia?

A) Thiamin
B) Riboflavin
C) Biotin
D) Folic acid

A

D) Folic acid

79
Q

Vitamins that acts as coenzymes in the Krebs cycle include:

A) Riboflavin
B) Niacin
C) Biotin
D) Pantothenic acid

A

A) Riboflavin
B) Niacin
C) Biotin
D) Pantothenic acid

80
Q

Substrate-level phosphorylation occurs during:

A) Glycolysis
B) Beta-oxidation
C) Krebs cycle
D) Electron transport

A

A) Glycolysis

C) Krebs cycle

81
Q

Chemicals that can be used for gluconeogenesis include:

A) Amino acids
B) Glycerol
C) Fatty acids
D) Alpha-ketoglutaric acid

A

A) Amino acids

B) Glycerol

82
Q

The chemiosmotic process involves:

A) Buildup of hydrogen ion concentration
B) Electron transport
C) Oxidation and reduction
D) ATP synthase

A

A) Buildup of hydrogen ion concentration
B) Electron transport
C) Oxidation and reduction
D) ATP synthase

83
Q

Only the liver functions to:

A) Store iron
B) Form urea
C) Produce plasma proteins
D) Form ketone bodies

A

B) Form urea

D) Form ketone bodies

84
Q

Which events occur during the absorptive state?

A) Use of amino acids as a major source of energy
B) Lipogenesis
C) Beta-oxidation
D) Increased uptake of glucose by skeletal muscle

A

B) Lipogenesis

D) Increased uptake of glucose by skeletal muscle

85
Q

Hormones that act to decrease blood glucose level include:

A) Insulin
B) Glucagon
C) Epinephrine
D) Growth hormone

A

A) Insulin

86
Q

During the postabsorptive state:

A) Glycogenesis occurs in the liver
B) Fatty acids are used for fuel
C) Amino acids are converted to glucose
D) Lipolysis occurs in the adipose tissue

A

B) Fatty acids are used for fuel
C) Amino acids are converted to glucose
D) Lipolysis occurs in the adipose tissue

87
Q

Which transport particles carry cholesterol destined for excretion from the body?

A) HDL
B) Chylomicron
C) LDL
D) VLDL

A

A) HDL

88
Q

Glucose can be converted to:

A) Glycogen
B) Triglycerides
C) Nonessential amino acids
D) Starch

A

A) Glycogen
B) Triglycerides
C) Nonessential amino acids

89
Q

Basal metabolic rate:

A) Is the lowest metabolic rate of the body
B) Is the metabolic rate during sleep
C) Is measured as kcal per sq. meter of skin per hour
D) Increases with age

A

C) Is measured as kcal per sq. meter of skin per hour

90
Q

Which of the following types of heat transfer involves heat loss in the form of infrared waves?

A) Conduction
B) Convection
C) Evaporation
D) Radiation

A

D) Radiation

91
Q

PKU is the result of inability to metabolize:

A) Tyrosine
B) Melanin
C) Ketone bodies
D) Phenylalanine

A

D) Phenylalanine

92
Q

The peritoneal cavity is a space containing ____ fluid.

A

Serous

93
Q

Obstruction of the hepatopancreatic sphincter impairs digestion by reducing the availability of ____.

A) bile and HCl
B) HCl and intestinal juice
C) pancreatic juice and intestinal juice
D) pancreatic juice and bile

A

D) pancreatic juice and bile

94
Q

The lamina propria forms part of the ___.

A) muscularis externa
B) submucosa
C) serosa
D) mucosa

A

D) mucosa

95
Q

Carbohydrates are acted on by

A) peptidases, trypsin, and chymtrypsin
B) amylase, maltase, and sucrase
C) lipases
D) peptidases, lipases, and galactases

A

B) amylase, maltase, and sucrase

96
Q

The parasympathetic nervous system influences digestion by ____.

A) relaxing smooth muscle
B) stimulating peristalsis
C) constricting sphincters
D) none of these

A

B) stimulating peristalsis

97
Q

The digestive juice containing enzymes capable of digesting all four major food stuffs is ____.

A) pancreatic
B) gastric
C) salivary
D) biliary

A

A) pancreatic

98
Q

The site of production of cholecystokinin is ____.

A) the stomach
B) the small intestine
C) the pancreas
D) the large intestine

A

B) the small intestine

SAC A&P II (19 decks)

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