Ch. 23 Digestive System Flashcards
In order to prevent self-digestion of the pancreas, activation of pancreatic proteases occurs in the ______.
pancreas stomach gallbladder duodenum liver
duodenum
The pancreatic duct empties into the ____, where activation of proteases occurs.
duodenum
During deglutition, the bolus passes into the stomach from the esophagus through the ______.
pyloric sphincter urethral sphincter ileocecal valve esophageal sphincter gastroesophageal sphincter
gastroesophageal sphincter
During the intestinal phase of gastric regulation, ______.
the stomach is initially stimulated and later inhibited
the gastroenteric reflex reduces stomach activity
secretin causes more HCl release
hormones reduce chief cell activity
the enterogastric reflex is turned off
the stomach is initially stimulated and later inhibited
What intestinal structure(s) consist(s) of protective aggregated nodules of lymphocytes and macrophages?
the muscularis mucosae the gastric pits the intestinal crypts the muscularis externa Peyer’s patches
Peyer’s patches
What are the main organic molecules digested in the stomach?
salts carbohydrates lipids nucleic acids proteins
proteins
The main enzyme produced by the stomach is ____, which digests protein (gastric lipases are only of minor importance).
pepsin
The main propulsive force that occurs in the majority of the alimentary canal is called ______.
peristalsis segmentation defecation ingestion swallowing
peristalsis
Which of the following is a characteristic of the large intestine?
It contains epiploic appendages. It is longer than the small intestine. It provides no absorptive function. It is the site for acid neutralization. It has villi.
It contains epiploic appendages.
Which regulatory chemical stimulates gastric gland activity and motility?
secretin histamine vasoactive peptide CCK gastrin
gastrin
____ is the major stomach hormone. Both the stomach and the small intestine produce this chemical.
Gastrin
Which sequence below represents the correct order of the tunics of the GI tract, starting from the layer adjacent to the lumen and moving superficially?
mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa
submucosa, mucosa, muscularis externa, serosa
mucosa, muscularis externa, submucosa, serosa
muscularis externa, serosa, submucosa, mucosa
serosa, mucosa, muscularis externa, submucosa
mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa
What substances from different organs would mix together at the hepatopancreatic ampulla?
secretin and CCK
bile and pancreatic enzymes
brush border enzymes and intrinsic factor
HCl and pepsin
bile and pancreatic enzymes
What would be the effect of stripping the small intestines of their villi?
The large intestine would take over as the primary absorptive site.
decreased surface area for absorption
Salivary amylase secretion would increase.
A duodenal ulcer would develop.
decreased surface area for absorption
Which of the following products does the stomach produce?
bile and trypsin
mucus and amylase
pepsinogen and secretin
HCl and intrinsic factor
HCl and intrinsic factor
The final product of carbohydrate digestion is ______.
glycogen polysaccharides monosaccharides starch disaccharides
monosaccharides
Which of the following cells produce HCl?
chief cells mucous cells parietal cells enteroendocrine cells G cells
parietal cells
___ cells make HCl and intrinsic factor.
Parietal
Which of the following cells produce pepsinogen?
G cells parietal cells chief cells mucous cells enteroendocrine cells
chief cells
____ is the inactive form of pepsin, which is produced by chief cells located in the basal region of gastric glands.
Pepsinogen
The digestive system in a cadaver is longer than in a living person because, in a cadaver, there is NO ______.
muscle tone
enzymatic activity
food in the alimentary canal
digestion taking place
muscle tone
Emulsification of which organic molecules would be most affected if the liver were severely damaged?
nucleic acids
proteins
carbohydrates
lipids
lipids
Fat emulsification occurs by the detergent action of ____ from the liver.
bile salts
The short reflexes in the digestive system are stimulated by ______.
the enteric nerve plexuses
the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system
the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system
higher brain centers
the enteric nerve plexuses
Which of the following statements about the mesentery is INCORRECT?
It holds the organs of the abdomen in place.
Omenta is the special name for part of the mesentery extending from the curvatures of the stomach.
It provides a route for blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves to reach the digestive viscera.
It is composed of a layer of serous membrane fused with a layer of mucous membrane.
It is composed of a layer of serous membrane fused with a layer of mucous membrane.
Which of the following is the most common cause of peritonitis?
a perforating ulcer of the stomach
a ruptured pancreatic cyst
a perforating abdominal wound
a burst appendix
a burst appendix
The myxovirus causes ______.
mumps
Halitosis is caused by _______.
increased anaerobic bacterial activity at the back of the tongue
____ are the most common teeth to become impacted.
wisdom teeth
Which of the following conditions is directly associated with an increased risk for heart disease and stroke?
dental caries
impacted wisdom teeth
periodontitis
gingivitis
periodontitis
The only stomach function that is essential to life is ______.
the secretion of pepsinogen
the presence of HCl
mechanical digestion
the secretion of intrinsic factor
the secretion of intrinsic factor
Some aspects of the ______ phase of gastric secretion, which occur before food enters the stomach, may be considered conditioned reflexes.
cephalic
esophageal
intestinal
gastric
cephalic
The myenteric nerve plexus is located in which tunic of the alimentary canal?
muscularis externa
submucosa
mucosa
serosa
muscularis externa
Which of the following is a function of the gallbladder?
converting pepsinogen to pepsin
metabolizing carbohydrate
secreting pancreatic juice
storing and concentrating bile
storing and concentrating bile
Many of the early food allergies seen in infants are caused by ______.
gallstones
lactase deficiency
absorption of whole proteins
excessive absorption of fat
absorption of whole proteins
Which of the following is a condition affecting the large intestine that is NOT explained by anatomical or biochemical abnormalities?
pernicious anemia
a hiatal hernia
irritable bowel syndrome
celiac disease
irritable bowel syndrome
Which of the following is NOT an accessory organ of the digestive system?
salivary glands
teeth
tongue
intestines
intestines
The major site for nutrient absorption is the ______.
large intestine
mouth
small intestine
stomach
small intestine
T/F
The enteric nervous system is the in-house nerve supply of the alimentary canal.
True
The serous membrane that covers the external surfaces of most digestive organs is called the ______.
parietal peritoneum
mesentery
visceral peritoneum
omentum
visceral peritoneum
______ circulation collects nutrient-rich blood from the GI tract and delivers it to the liver.
Hepatic portal
serosa
protective outermost layer of the alimentary canal
mucosa
main site of nutrient absorption
submucosa
moderately dense connective tissue that has a rich supply of blood, lymphatic vessels, and nerve fibers
muscularis externa
responsible for segmentation and peristalsis
T/F
Saliva contains enzymes that break down proteins.
False
The permanent dentition consists of _____ teeth in a full set.
32
T/F
A weak gastroesophageal (cardiac) sphincter can result in heartburn.
True
The phases of gastric secretion, from first to last, are ______.
gastric phase, cephalic phase, intestinal phase
cephalic phase, intestinal phase, gastric phase
cephalic phase, gastric phase, intestinal phase
intestinal phase, gastric phase, cephalic phase
cephalic phase, gastric phase, intestinal phase
The increased concentration of HCO3– in blood draining from the stomach is called _____.
the alkaline tide
the enterogastric reflex
the gastric phase
the chloride shift
the alkaline tide
The _____ is the first segment of the small intestine.
duodenum
Digestion of carbohydrates and proteins by brush border enzymes occurs within the ______ of the small intestine.
goblet cells
microvilli
villi
circular folds
microvilli
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the liver?
It has a role in detoxifying the blood.
It is highly regenerative.
It stores glucose as glycogen.
It has three lobes.
It has three lobes.
______ is/are NOT found in pancreatic secretions.
Procarboxypeptidase
Chymotrypsinogen
Bicarbonate ions
Cholecystokinin (CCK)
Cholecystokinin (CCK)
Pancreatic juice contains _____.
water, enzymes, and electrolytes (mainly bicarbonate ions)
Secretin and cholecystokinin (CCK) are released by the ____.
small intestine
T/F
Most digestion occurs in the small intestine.
True
Most water is absorbed in the ______.
small intestine
Bacterial flora in the large intestine does NOT produce ______.
B vitamins
intrinsic factor
CO2
vitamin K
intrinsic factor
T/F
Diarrhea results when food passes too quickly through the large intestine.
True
Pepsin enzymatically digests ______.
protein
T/F
Someone on a fat-free diet would NOT efficiently absorb vitamin D from the diet.
True
The fat-soluble vitamins are ____.
A, D, E, and K
Which of the following are synonyms:
A) Gastrointestinal tract
B) Digestive system
C) Digestive tract
D) Alimentary canal
A) Gastrointestinal tract
C) Digestive tract
D) Alimentary canal
A digestive organ that is not part of the alimentary canal is the:
A) Stomach B) Liver C) Small intestine D) Large intestine E) Pharynx
B) Liver
The GI tube layer responsible for the actions of segmentation and peristalsis is:
A) Serosa
B) Mucosa
C) Muscularis externa
D) Submucosa
C) Muscularis externa
Which alimentary canal tunic has the greatest abundance of lymph nodules?
A) Mucosa
B) Muscualris
C) Serosa
D) Submucosa
D) Submucosa
Proteins secreted in saliva include:
A) Mucin
B) Amylase
C) Lysozyme
D) IgA
A) Mucin
B) Amylase
C) Lysozyme
D) IgA
The closure of which valve is assisted by the diaphragm?
A) Ileocecal
B) Pyloric
C) Gastroesophageal
D) Upper esophageal
C) Gastroesophageal
Smooth muscle is found in the:
A) Tongue
B) Pharynx
C) Esophagus
D) External anal sphincter
C) Esophagus
Which of these organs lies in the right hypochondriac region of the abdomen?
A) Stomach
B) Spleen
C) Cecum
D) Liver
D) Liver
Which phase of gastric secretion depend on the vagus nerve?
A) Cephalic
B) Gastric
C) Intestinal (stimulatory)
D) Intestinal (inhibitory)
A) Cephalic
B) Gastric
Which of the following are tied to sodium transport?
A) Glucose
B) Frustose
C) Galactose
D) Amino acids
A) Glucose
C) Galactose
D) Amino acids
Excess iron is stored primarily in the:
A) Liver
B) Bone marrow
C) Duodenal epithelium
D) Blood
C) Duodenal epithelium
A 3-year old girl was rewarded with a hug because she was toilet trained. Which muscle had she learned to control?
A) Levator ani
B) Internal anal sphincter
C) Internal and external obliques
D) External anal sphincter
D) External anal sphincter
Which cell type occurs in the stomach mucosa, contains abundant mitochondria and many microvilli, and pumps hydrogen ions?
A) Absorptive cell
B) Parietal cell
C) Goblet cell
D) Mucous neck cell
B) Parietal cell
Which of the following are “essential” nutrients?
A) Glucose
B) Linoleic acid
C) Cholesterol
D) Leucine
B) Linoleic acid
D) Leucine
Deficiency of which of these vitamins results in anemia?
A) Thiamin
B) Riboflavin
C) Biotin
D) Folic acid
D) Folic acid
Vitamins that acts as coenzymes in the Krebs cycle include:
A) Riboflavin
B) Niacin
C) Biotin
D) Pantothenic acid
A) Riboflavin
B) Niacin
C) Biotin
D) Pantothenic acid
Substrate-level phosphorylation occurs during:
A) Glycolysis
B) Beta-oxidation
C) Krebs cycle
D) Electron transport
A) Glycolysis
C) Krebs cycle
Chemicals that can be used for gluconeogenesis include:
A) Amino acids
B) Glycerol
C) Fatty acids
D) Alpha-ketoglutaric acid
A) Amino acids
B) Glycerol
The chemiosmotic process involves:
A) Buildup of hydrogen ion concentration
B) Electron transport
C) Oxidation and reduction
D) ATP synthase
A) Buildup of hydrogen ion concentration
B) Electron transport
C) Oxidation and reduction
D) ATP synthase
Only the liver functions to:
A) Store iron
B) Form urea
C) Produce plasma proteins
D) Form ketone bodies
B) Form urea
D) Form ketone bodies
Which events occur during the absorptive state?
A) Use of amino acids as a major source of energy
B) Lipogenesis
C) Beta-oxidation
D) Increased uptake of glucose by skeletal muscle
B) Lipogenesis
D) Increased uptake of glucose by skeletal muscle
Hormones that act to decrease blood glucose level include:
A) Insulin
B) Glucagon
C) Epinephrine
D) Growth hormone
A) Insulin
During the postabsorptive state:
A) Glycogenesis occurs in the liver
B) Fatty acids are used for fuel
C) Amino acids are converted to glucose
D) Lipolysis occurs in the adipose tissue
B) Fatty acids are used for fuel
C) Amino acids are converted to glucose
D) Lipolysis occurs in the adipose tissue
Which transport particles carry cholesterol destined for excretion from the body?
A) HDL
B) Chylomicron
C) LDL
D) VLDL
A) HDL
Glucose can be converted to:
A) Glycogen
B) Triglycerides
C) Nonessential amino acids
D) Starch
A) Glycogen
B) Triglycerides
C) Nonessential amino acids
Basal metabolic rate:
A) Is the lowest metabolic rate of the body
B) Is the metabolic rate during sleep
C) Is measured as kcal per sq. meter of skin per hour
D) Increases with age
C) Is measured as kcal per sq. meter of skin per hour
Which of the following types of heat transfer involves heat loss in the form of infrared waves?
A) Conduction
B) Convection
C) Evaporation
D) Radiation
D) Radiation
PKU is the result of inability to metabolize:
A) Tyrosine
B) Melanin
C) Ketone bodies
D) Phenylalanine
D) Phenylalanine
The peritoneal cavity is a space containing ____ fluid.
Serous
Obstruction of the hepatopancreatic sphincter impairs digestion by reducing the availability of ____.
A) bile and HCl
B) HCl and intestinal juice
C) pancreatic juice and intestinal juice
D) pancreatic juice and bile
D) pancreatic juice and bile
The lamina propria forms part of the ___.
A) muscularis externa
B) submucosa
C) serosa
D) mucosa
D) mucosa
Carbohydrates are acted on by
A) peptidases, trypsin, and chymtrypsin
B) amylase, maltase, and sucrase
C) lipases
D) peptidases, lipases, and galactases
B) amylase, maltase, and sucrase
The parasympathetic nervous system influences digestion by ____.
A) relaxing smooth muscle
B) stimulating peristalsis
C) constricting sphincters
D) none of these
B) stimulating peristalsis
The digestive juice containing enzymes capable of digesting all four major food stuffs is ____.
A) pancreatic
B) gastric
C) salivary
D) biliary
A) pancreatic
The site of production of cholecystokinin is ____.
A) the stomach
B) the small intestine
C) the pancreas
D) the large intestine
B) the small intestine
