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Pathophys McCance SFSU > Ch 28 Alterations of Erythrocyte Function > Flashcards

Ch 28 Alterations of Erythrocyte Function Flashcards

1
Q

Polycythemia

A

Increased number or volume of circulating erythrocytes

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2
Q

Anemia

A

Decreased number or volume of circulating erythrocytes

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3
Q

Poikilocytosis

A

Having erythrocutes of diffrent shapes

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4
Q

Anisocytosis

A

Having erythrocytes of different sizes

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5
Q

Pancytopenia

A

Decreased number of circulating erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets

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6
Q

When plasma volume increases to compensate for anemia, the blood viscosity ___ , which causes blood flow to be ____.

A

decreases; turbulent

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7
Q

Defective DNA synthesis in bone marrow precursors usually creates erythrocytes that are ____ and normochromic

A

macrocytic

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8
Q

Folate deficiency anemia is associated with chronic malnourishment and chronic abuse of ____

A

alcohol

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9
Q

The term megalobalstic anemia indicates that the erythrocytes are _____

A

macrocytic

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10
Q

The incidence of iron deficiency anemia is (lowest, highest) in women during their reproductive years, and (increases, decreases) after menopause

A

highest, decreases

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11
Q

Lactoferrin released by neutrophils during bacterial infection (binds, releases) iron thus contributing to (iron deficiency anemia, anemia of chronic disease)

A

binds; anemia of chronic disease

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12
Q

A major contributor to the anemia of chronic kidney disease is (deficiency, excess) of erythropoeitin

A

deficiency

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13
Q

People who are dehydrated after extensive diarrhea have (absolute, relative) polycythemia; people who have hypercapneic chronic obstructive pulmonary disease have (absolute, relative) polycythemia

A

relative; absolute

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14
Q

Hemolysis from a mismatched blood transfusion is an example of (autoimmune, alloimmune) hemolytic anemia that occurs (intravascularly, extravascularly)

A

alloimmune; intravascularly

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15
Q

Individuals who have congenital hemolytic disorders typically have a (small, large) spleen

A

large

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16
Q

What anemias are microcytic-hypochromic

A

thalassemia, sideroblastic, iron deficiency anemia, anemia of chronic diseases (sometimes), lead

Remember: “The size is always less”=Thalassemia, sideroblastic, Iron def., anemia of chron. dz, lead

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17
Q

What anemias are normocytic-normochromic

A

aplastic anemia, posthemorrhagic anemia, sickle cell anemia, anemia of of chronic disease
Remember: “Some crazy apes phone home”=sickle-cell, chronic dz., aplastic, post-hem, hemolytic

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18
Q

What anemias are macrocytic-normochromic

A

pernicious anemia, folate deficiency anemia

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19
Q

Glossitis

A

tongue has lost papillae, looks fissured characteristic of iron deficiency anemia

20
Q

Koilonchia

A

concave, brittle fingernails, characteristic of iron deficiency anemia

21
Q

pallor or jaundice in iron deficiency anemia?

A

pallor due to decreased erythrocyte production

22
Q

Chromic

A

refers to hemoglobin content

23
Q

Cytic

A

refers to cell size

24
Q

Sideroblastic anemias are characterized by defective synthesis of ____ and may be acquired or hereditary, in which case they usually have recessive ____ transmission

A

heme; x chromosome

25
Q

Myelodysplastic syndrome involves defects in all lines of hematopoietic ____ cells; some persons with this condition develop acute ____

A

stem; leukemia

26
Q

Serum ferritin levels are used to evaluate ____ status when diagnosing anemia

A

iron

27
Q

Primary acquired aplastic anemia is an ____ disease in which ____ T cells damage the hematopoietic stem cells in the ____ ____

A

autoimmune; cytotoxic; bone marrow

28
Q

Release of ____ during chronic inflammations contributes to the anemia of chronic disease by decreasing the availability of ____ and inhibiting erythroid progenitors

A

cytokines; iron

29
Q

Congenital hemolytic anemias are caused by ____ defects in erythrocytes, but acquired hemolytic anemias are usually caused by the ____ system

A

intrinsic; immune

30
Q

Hemolysis in most inherited hemolytic anemias occurs in the ____by the action of ____

A

spleen, macrophages

31
Q

Warm autoimmune hemolytic anemia is caused by ____ binding to erythrocytes with subsequent destruction of those erythrocytes in the ____

A

IgG; spleen

32
Q

Drug-induced hemolytic anemia from antibiotics usually begins when the antibiotic serves as a ____ and binds to erythrocyte proteins

A

hapten

33
Q

Hemolysis that occurs slowly will not cause anemia because bone marrow can increase erythrocyte production up to ____ times its normal rate; jaundice occurs from hemolysis only when heme destruction exceeds the liver’s ability to process and excrete ____

A

eight; bilirubin

34
Q

How does chronic kidney disease cause anemia?

A

Normal kidney secretes erythropoietin to signal bone marrow to make RBCs, in a diseased kidney this does not happen

35
Q

What causes clotting in polycythemia vera?

A

Too many RBCs makes the blood thicker and more likely to clot

36
Q

Why does anemia cause fatigue?

A

Not enough RBCs to carry oxygen to muscles and body

37
Q

In hereditary hemochromatosis, how does regular removal of blood protect liver?

A

Too much blood means too much iron which can cause liver damage

38
Q

In aplastic anemia, why do the symptoms of infections and bleeds occur before symptoms of fatigue?

A

WBC and platelets have a shorter lifespan than RBCs

39
Q

Why does posthemorrhagic anemia cause lightheadedness at first?

A

There is less fluid, meaning less blood bringing oxygen to the brain

40
Q

What is happening in hemolytic anemia from antibiotics?

A

Antibiotic binds to RBC, antibodies mark for destruction in spleen

41
Q

What is the normal process of absorption of dietary vitamin b12?

A

Vitamin B 12 binds to intrinsic factor from gastric parietal cells, this complex binds to receptors in the ileum which enables vitamin b12 absorption

42
Q

What causes pernicious anemia?

A

Autoantibodies destroy parietal cells, causing decreased intrinsic factor, causing decreased vitamin b12 absorption. Since vitamin b12 is necessary for erythropoiesis, this causes anemia

43
Q

Why are erythrocytes macrocytic in pernicious anemia?

A

Vitamin b12 is a cofactor for DNA synthesis, without it division slows and erythrocytes grow larger

44
Q

How is numbness and tingling related to pernicious anemia?

A

Vitamin b12 for normal nerve function. demyelination and damage is progressive and irreversible

45
Q

In pernicious anemia, after vitamin b12 is brought to normal with injections, why do treatments continue?

A

Body cannot absorb dietary vitamin b12

Pathophys McCance SFSU (14 decks)

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