Ch 2 Altered Cellular and Tissue Biology Flashcards
Apoptosis
Cell death that involves orderly dismantling of cell components and packaging the remainders in vesicles.
Free radical
An atom or group of atoms having an unpaired electron
Livor mortis
Purple discoloration of dependent tissues after death.
Accidental hypothermia
Unintentional decreases of core body temperature below 35C (95F).
Rigor mortis
Stiffening of skeletal muscles after death.
Coagulative necrosis
Area of cell death in which denatured proteins appear firm and opaque.
Autophagy
A type of cellular housekeeping in which a cell digests some of its own components.
Caseous necrosis
Area of cell death in which cells disintegrate, but the debris is not digested completely by enzymes.
Pick one: Atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, metaplasia
Lining of uterus thickens after ovulation because of increased amounts of estrogen.
Hyperplasia
Pick one: Atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, metaplasia
Man who lifts weights regularly develops larger biceps.
Hypertrophy
Pick one: Atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, metaplasia
Thymus gland decreases in size during childhood.
Atrophy
Pick one: Atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, metaplasia
Columnar epithelium in bronchi of cigarette smoker is replaced by stratified squamous epithelium.
Metaplasia
Pick one: Atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, metaplasia
Cap’t of roller derby team has greater thigh diameter on left than right from skating clockwise.
Hypertrophy
Pick one: Atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, metaplasia
Left calf is smaller than right calf when a cast is removed from it.
Atrophy
Pick one: Atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, metaplasia
Liver regenerates after surgical removal of damaged portion.
Hyperplasia
Select the correct words:
Cell death by (necrosis/apoptosis) causes inflammation, but cell death by (necrosis/apoptosis) does not.
Necrosis
Apoptosis
Select the correct word:
Dysplasia is also called (normal/atypical) hyperplasia.
atypical
Select the correct word:
Release of (potassium/calcium) ions from intracellular stores into cytoplasm during ischemia damages the cell.
calcium
Select the correct words:
Compared with normal aerobic metabolism, cells that use anaerobic metabolism produce (more/less) ATP and (more/less) lactic acid.
less
more
Hypertrophy vs. Hyperplasia
Hypertrophy-tissue mass is increased by the enlargement of each individual cell. Cell size increases.
Hyperplasia-tissue mass is increased by adding more cells. The number of cells increases.
Metaplasia vs. Dysplasia
Metaplasia-reversible replacement of one mature cell type by another, sometimes less differentiated cell type. Ex. pernicious anemia.
Dysplasia-deranged cellular growth. Aka atypical aplasia. Ex. early forms of precancerous lesions.
Which information is correct regarding pathologic hyperplasia?
Pathologic hyperplasia:
- Produces an abnormal proliferation of abnormal cells.
- Is an adaptive mechanism that enables organ regeneration.
- Increases cell size.
- May occur in response to growth factors.
- May occur in response to growth factors (and hormones).
Cells react to adverse influence by
1) adapting
2) sustaining reversible injury
3) suffering irreversible cellular injury- cell death
4) All of the above
4) All of the above
List some causes of cell injury
- Hypoxia
- Physical agents
- Chemical agents
- Infectious agents
- Immune and inflammatory responses
- Genetic factor
- Nutritional imbalance
Which of the following in not considered an adaptive response:
A. Atrophy
B. Hyperplasia
C. Dysplasia
D. Hypertrophy
E. Metaplasia
C. Dysplasia
All of the following are features of apoptosis EXCEPT:
A. Cell shrinkage
B. Disorientation of cell plasma membrane lipids
C. Karyolysis
D. No associated inflammation
E. Intact cellular components
C. Karyolysis (the dissolution of cell nucleus and lysis of chromatin.)
