Ch 2 - The Research Enterprise in Psychology

Question 1

Operational definitions

Answer 1

describe exactly what the concept is and how it will be measured

Question 2

Understanding and Prediction

Answer 2

How X affects Y

Hypotheses are formed

Question 3

Application and Control

Answer 3

How the data will be used in a practical way

Question 4

2 Primary methods of research in Psychology

Answer 4

Experimental Research & Correlational Research

Question 5

The only research method that can determine cause & affect

Answer 5

Experimental

Question 6

Experiment

Answer 6

manipulation of one variable under controlled conditions so that resulting changes in another variable can be observed

Question 7

Independent variable (IV)

Answer 7

variable that’s manipulated

Question 8

Dependent variable (DV)

Answer 8

variable that’s affected by manipulation (measured)

Question 9

What are two conditions in experimental research

Answer 9

experimental group & control group

Question 10

Experimental group

Answer 10

receives treatment

Question 11

Control group

Answer 11

does NOT receive treatment

Question 12

Extraneous and Confounding variables

Answer 12

Other factors that might affect the DV

Question 13

Correlational Research

Answer 13

allows us to describe the relationship between different variables

Question 14

Correlation

Answer 14

a relationship between two variables

Question 15

Direction of relationship

Answer 15

+/-

Question 16

Strength of relationship

Answer 16

correlation coefficient (-1 to +1)

Question 17

No relationship

Answer 17

Zero

Question 18

True or False - Correlation indicates causation

Answer 18

False -

Correct answer is: Correlation allows PREDICTION

Question 19

Positive Correlation

Answer 19

Variables move in the Same direction

Question 20

Negative Correlation

Answer 20

Variables move in Opposite ways

Question 21

Weaknesses of Correlational Research

Answer 21

1) No cause and effect

2) Unrepresentative Sample

Question 22

Surveys

Answer 22

Questionnaires to obtain specific information about subjects’ behavior, backgrounds, attitudes, or opinions

Question 23

Qualitative Research

Answer 23

Observations/Interviews/Narratives/Photo Voice

Question 24

Naturalistic observations

Answer 24

careful observation of behavior without intervening directly with the subjects

Question 25

Participant observations

Answer 25

researcher participates in setting with subjects

Question 26

Case Studies

Answer 26

In-depth investigation of an individual subject

based on interviews, psychological testing, documents, field notes etc

Question 27

Sampling Bias

Answer 27

the sampled population doesn’t accurately represent the full population

Question 28

Placebo effects

Answer 28

participants’ expectations make them think they’ve experienced a change when the actually received a fake treatment (i.e., sugar pill)

Question 29

Participant demand

Answer 29

participant behaves in a way they think experimenter wants them to behave

Question 30

Social desirability bias

Answer 30

answering based on trying to fit in or be accepted

Question 31

Response set

Answer 31

Respond to the question all in the same direction (ie; respond strongly agree to all questions.

Question 32

Experimenter bias

Answer 32

Researchers’ expectations influence the outcomes

the way they may influence the participants behavior or how they interpret the info

Question 33

Double-blind study

Answer 33

neither participant or researcher knows who is in control or treatment group

Question 34

What was the year of the Belmont Report

Answer 34

1979

Question 35

Five aspects of the Belmont Report

Answer 35

1) Respect for Persons
- Informed consent

2) Beneficence
- “Do no harm”
- Maximize possible benefits & minimize possible harms
3) Justice - must be administered fairly and ethically

4) Confidentiality
5) Privacy

Question 36

What is the scientific approach to behavior

Answer 36

Assumption: Events are governed by some lawful order.

Goals:

1) Measurement & description
2) Understanding & prediction
3) Application & control

Question 37

Weaknesses of experimental research

Answer 37

• artificial nature
• ethical issues
• practical issues

Question 38

Nuremberg Code (1947)

Answer 38

• 10 standars

- voluntary informed consent

Question 39

Year of - Declaration of Helsinki

Answer 39

1964