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Psych 112 > 06 Learning > Flashcards

06 Learning Flashcards

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1
Q

Learning

A

Long term durable change based on experience

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2
Q

What are characteristics of Classical Conditioning?

A
  • Associative learning

- Always occurring in our lives

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3
Q

(NS) Neutral Stimulus

A

Does not produce a specific reaction

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4
Q

(UCS) Unconditioned Stimulus

A

Creates a natural or instinctual response

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5
Q

(UCR) Unconditioned Response

A

This is the natural or instinctual response to the UCS

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6
Q

NS + UCS =

A

UCR (Unconditioned Response)

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7
Q

CS will eventually create what?

A

CR Conditioned Response

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8
Q

Initial period of learning a new response

A

Acquisition

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9
Q

Gradual weakening and disappearance of a Conditioned Response

A

Extinction

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10
Q

Extinguished response reappears after a period of non-exposure to CS

A

Spontaneous Recovery

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11
Q

When an organism that has learned a response to a specific stimulus responds in the same way to new stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus

A

stimulus generalization

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12
Q

Ethical Issues w/ Little Albert Study

A

1) Lack of confidentiality
2) No informed consent
3) Pressures to participate in study
4) Did not undo fear

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13
Q

Stimulus discrimination

A

responding to specific stimuli
(CS) + (US) = (CR)
white rat. Loud Gong (UR)
Fear

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14
Q

Higher-Order Conditioning

A

A second conditional response created from the first conditioned response never having come in contact with the UCS (unconditioned stimulus)

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15
Q

Operant Conditioning

A

learning is controlled by the consequences

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16
Q

Reinforcers

A

effects that increase behavior

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17
Q

Operant Chamber / Skinner Box

A

Rat emits a response by pressing the lever

18
Q

Reinforcement contingencies

A

circumstances or rules that determine whether responses lead to the presentation of reinforcers

19
Q

Shaping

A

reinforcement of closer and closer approximations of a desired response

frequency of the reward

20
Q

Extinction

A

weakening and disappearance of a response because it is no longer reinforced

21
Q

Positive Reinforcement

A

response followed by rewarding stimulus

22
Q

Negative Reinforcement

A

response followed by removal of an aversive stimulus

23
Q

Escape

A

organism learns to decrease or end aversive stimulation

24
Q

avoidance

A

organism learns to prevent aversive stimulation

25
Q

T or F? Response always requires choosing one behavior over others

A

True

26
Q

T or F? Reinforcer will be less reinforcing if there are many alternatives in the environment.

A

True

27
Q

Conditioned Taste Aversion

A

1) Occurs after one pairing

2) Separated by 24 hours

28
Q

Taste cues followed by nasuea

A

Taste aversion resulted

29
Q

Taste Cues followed by shock

A

No taste aversion resulted

30
Q

involves specific predispositions to be conditioned in certain ways but not others

A

Preparedness

Phobias viewed as an adaptive trait

31
Q

Observational Learning

A

Learning by observing others (social models)

32
Q

Basic Processes of observational learning:

A
  • Attention
  • Retention
  • Reproduction
  • Motivation
33
Q

Observational Learning Psychologist

A

Albert Bandura

34
Q

Taste Aversion Psychologist

A

John Garcia “John Gross see ya” ;-) hehe

35
Q

Bandura’s Bobo Doll Study (1961)

A

Bandura wanted to understand effects of media violence

36
Q

’s of Children in Bobo Study

A

72 Children

Aggresive Condition: 24 boys and girls
Non-Aggressive Condition: 24 boys and girls
Control Group: 24 boys and girls

37
Q

Stage 1 Bobo:

A

Aggressive condition: Adult verbally and physically attaks doll

Non aggressive con: Adult plays peacefull

Control: No adult present

38
Q

Stage 2 Bobo

A

Children taken to room with toys but cannot play with them.

39
Q

Stage 3 Bobo

A

Children taken to another room with toys and can play with them.

Toys consist of toys that were aggressive (mallets) and non aggressive (crayons).

40
Q

Findings of Bobo study

A

1) Children exposed to aggressive model were more likel to be aggressive
2) Boys were 3 x’s more likely to replicate physical violence
3) Verbal aggression was the same for boys and girls

41
Q

Advantages to Experimental study

A

1) Cause and effect
2) Control of variables
3) Replication

42
Q

Limitations of Experimental study (specifically Bobo)

A

1) Laboratory studies can have low ecological validity
2) Novelty of Bobo doll was an issue
3) Only single exposure
4) Perhaps unethical

Psych 112 (15 decks)

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