06 Learning

Question 1

Learning

Answer 1

Long term durable change based on experience

Question 2

What are characteristics of Classical Conditioning?

Answer 2

• Associative learning

- Always occurring in our lives

Question 3

(NS) Neutral Stimulus

Answer 3

Does not produce a specific reaction

Question 4

(UCS) Unconditioned Stimulus

Answer 4

Creates a natural or instinctual response

Question 5

(UCR) Unconditioned Response

Answer 5

This is the natural or instinctual response to the UCS

Question 6

NS + UCS =

Answer 6

UCR (Unconditioned Response)

Question 7

CS will eventually create what?

Answer 7

CR Conditioned Response

Question 8

Initial period of learning a new response

Answer 8

Acquisition

Question 9

Gradual weakening and disappearance of a Conditioned Response

Answer 9

Extinction

Question 10

Extinguished response reappears after a period of non-exposure to CS

Answer 10

Spontaneous Recovery

Question 11

When an organism that has learned a response to a specific stimulus responds in the same way to new stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus

Answer 11

stimulus generalization

Question 12

Ethical Issues w/ Little Albert Study

Answer 12

1) Lack of confidentiality
2) No informed consent
3) Pressures to participate in study
4) Did not undo fear

Question 13

Stimulus discrimination

Answer 13

responding to specific stimuli
(CS) + (US) = (CR)
white rat. Loud Gong (UR)
Fear

Question 14

Higher-Order Conditioning

Answer 14

A second conditional response created from the first conditioned response never having come in contact with the UCS (unconditioned stimulus)

Question 15

Operant Conditioning

Answer 15

learning is controlled by the consequences

Question 16

Reinforcers

Answer 16

effects that increase behavior

Question 17

Operant Chamber / Skinner Box

Answer 17

Rat emits a response by pressing the lever

Question 18

Reinforcement contingencies

Answer 18

circumstances or rules that determine whether responses lead to the presentation of reinforcers

Question 19

Shaping

Answer 19

reinforcement of closer and closer approximations of a desired response

frequency of the reward

Question 20

Extinction

Answer 20

weakening and disappearance of a response because it is no longer reinforced

Question 21

Positive Reinforcement

Answer 21

response followed by rewarding stimulus

Question 22

Negative Reinforcement

Answer 22

response followed by removal of an aversive stimulus

Question 23

Escape

Answer 23

organism learns to decrease or end aversive stimulation

Question 24

avoidance

Answer 24

organism learns to prevent aversive stimulation

Question 25

T or F? Response always requires choosing one behavior over others

Answer 25

True

Question 26

T or F? Reinforcer will be less reinforcing if there are many alternatives in the environment.

Answer 26

True

Question 27

Conditioned Taste Aversion

Answer 27

1) Occurs after one pairing | 2) Separated by 24 hours

Question 28

Taste cues followed by nasuea

Answer 28

Taste aversion resulted

Question 29

Taste Cues followed by shock

Answer 29

No taste aversion resulted

Question 30

involves specific predispositions to be conditioned in certain ways but not others

Answer 30

Preparedness Phobias viewed as an adaptive trait

Question 31

Observational Learning

Answer 31

Learning by observing others (social models)

Question 32

Basic Processes of observational learning:

Answer 32

- Attention - Retention - Reproduction - Motivation

Question 33

Observational Learning Psychologist

Answer 33

Albert Bandura

Question 34

Taste Aversion Psychologist

Answer 34

John Garcia "John Gross see ya" ;-) hehe

Question 35

Bandura's Bobo Doll Study (1961)

Answer 35

Bandura wanted to understand effects of media violence

Question 36

#'s of Children in Bobo Study

Answer 36

72 Children Aggresive Condition: 24 boys and girls Non-Aggressive Condition: 24 boys and girls Control Group: 24 boys and girls

Question 37

Stage 1 Bobo:

Answer 37

Aggressive condition: Adult verbally and physically attaks doll Non aggressive con: Adult plays peacefull Control: No adult present

Question 38

Stage 2 Bobo

Answer 38

Children taken to room with toys but cannot play with them.

Question 39

Stage 3 Bobo

Answer 39

Children taken to another room with toys and can play with them. Toys consist of toys that were aggressive (mallets) and non aggressive (crayons).

Question 40

Findings of Bobo study

Answer 40

1) Children exposed to aggressive model were more likel to be aggressive 2) Boys were 3 x's more likely to replicate physical violence 3) Verbal aggression was the same for boys and girls

Question 41

Advantages to Experimental study

Answer 41

1) Cause and effect 2) Control of variables 3) Replication

Question 42

Limitations of Experimental study (specifically Bobo)

Answer 42

1) Laboratory studies can have low ecological validity 2) Novelty of Bobo doll was an issue 3) Only single exposure 4) Perhaps unethical