08 - Cognition & Intelligence Flashcards
Thinking errors & Cognitive Biases
Glass half empty/ half full
Seeing patterns that don’t really exist
Thinking tying your laces twice is good luck
3 types of problems
1) inducing structure
2) arrangement
3) transformation
Problems of inducing structure involve:
discovering relationships among the parts
ABM_CDM_E
is an example of
Series completion
Lawyer to client - Dr. to Patient
is an example of
Analogy problems
Problems of arrangement function by:
Arranging parts to satisfy the criterion
Ex: String Problem
Anagram
Rearrange the letters below to make a word:
ANEORG =ORANGE
TERMOH = MOTHER
Problems of transformation ________
Carry out a sequence of transformations
Ex: Hobbits and orcs problem
Water jar problem
What are 4 barriers to effective problem solving?
1) Irrelevant Information
2) Functional Fixedness
3) Mental Set
4) Unnecessary Constraints
This is an example of what?
Twenty percent of the people in New Britain have unlisted phone numbers. You select 300 names at random from the New Britain phone book. How many of these people can be expected to have unlisted phone numbers?
Irrelevant Information
Functional Fixedness
Perceiving an item in terms of common use
Ex: McGuiver did not have this. He could use items in creative ways
Mental Set
using strategies that worked before
Unnecessary Constraints
making assumptions
approaches to problem solving
trial and error
heuristics
What are four guiding principles of heuristics?
1) Forming subgoals
2) Hill climbing
3) Searching for analogies
- 4) Changing the representation of a problem
decision making is limited and yields non-optimal results is referred to as:
theory of bounded rationality
2 ways of making choices or decisions
Additive strategies
Elimination by aspects
How do we use Additive Strategies in problem solving?
rate attributes
choose option with highest sum of ratings
Elimination by aspects
rejecting alternatives that don’t satisfy a minimum criterion
Taking chances (Risky decision making) involves:
- Expected value = what you stand to gain
- Subjective utility = personal worth of the outcome
estimating likelihood of an event based on relevant examples that come to mind is called:
Availability heuristic
estimating likelihood of an event based on how similar it is to a typical event
Representativeness heuristic
Base rate fallacy
ignoring general/base rate information
believing that odds of a chance event increase even though the event has not happened recently
Gambler’s fallacy
estimating two uncertain conditions to occur more than a single general one
Conjunction fallacy
overestimating the improbable is ________.
- Recall dramatic events more
- Due to media coverage
Flaws in decision making
- unrealistic standard of rationality
- need to ask different questions
Fixing our biases
System 1 - intuitive system that is fast, automatic, effortless, implicit, emotional
(best for every day types of decisions)
System 2 - slower, conscious, effortful, explicit, logical
(best for bigger more important decisions)
standford binet was the first ___ test with scores shaped like a bell curve
standardized
Wechsler was first to incorporate both a ______ and ______.
verbal IQ and performance IQ
Types of Heuristics in Judging Probabilities
Conjunction fallacy Gambler's fallacy Representativeness heuristic Availability heuristic Base rate fallacy
