08 - Cognition & Intelligence

Question 1

Thinking errors & Cognitive Biases

Answer 1

Glass half empty/ half full
Seeing patterns that don’t really exist
Thinking tying your laces twice is good luck

Question 2

3 types of problems

Answer 2

1) inducing structure
2) arrangement
3) transformation

Question 3

Problems of inducing structure involve:

Answer 3

discovering relationships among the parts

Question 4

ABM_CDM_E

is an example of

Answer 4

Series completion

Question 5

Lawyer to client - Dr. to Patient

is an example of

Answer 5

Analogy problems

Question 6

Problems of arrangement function by:

Answer 6

Arranging parts to satisfy the criterion

Ex: String Problem
Anagram

Rearrange the letters below to make a word:
ANEORG =ORANGE
TERMOH = MOTHER

Question 7

Problems of transformation ________

Answer 7

Carry out a sequence of transformations

Ex: Hobbits and orcs problem
Water jar problem

Question 8

What are 4 barriers to effective problem solving?

Answer 8

1) Irrelevant Information
2) Functional Fixedness
3) Mental Set
4) Unnecessary Constraints

Question 9

This is an example of what?

Twenty percent of the people in New Britain have unlisted phone numbers. You select 300 names at random from the New Britain phone book. How many of these people can be expected to have unlisted phone numbers?

Answer 9

Irrelevant Information

Question 10

Functional Fixedness

Answer 10

Perceiving an item in terms of common use

Ex: McGuiver did not have this. He could use items in creative ways

Question 11

Mental Set

Answer 11

using strategies that worked before

Question 12

Unnecessary Constraints

Answer 12

making assumptions

Question 13

approaches to problem solving

Answer 13

trial and error

heuristics

Question 14

What are four guiding principles of heuristics?

Answer 14

1) Forming subgoals
2) Hill climbing
3) Searching for analogies
- 4) Changing the representation of a problem

Question 15

decision making is limited and yields non-optimal results is referred to as:

Answer 15

theory of bounded rationality

Question 16

2 ways of making choices or decisions

Answer 16

Additive strategies

Elimination by aspects

Question 17

How do we use Additive Strategies in problem solving?

Answer 17

rate attributes

choose option with highest sum of ratings

Question 18

Elimination by aspects

Answer 18

rejecting alternatives that don’t satisfy a minimum criterion

Question 19

Taking chances (Risky decision making) involves:

Answer 19

• Expected value = what you stand to gain

- Subjective utility = personal worth of the outcome

Question 20

estimating likelihood of an event based on relevant examples that come to mind is called:

Answer 20

Availability heuristic

Question 21

estimating likelihood of an event based on how similar it is to a typical event

Answer 21

Representativeness heuristic

Question 22

Base rate fallacy

Answer 22

ignoring general/base rate information

Question 23

believing that odds of a chance event increase even though the event has not happened recently

Answer 23

Gambler’s fallacy

Question 24

estimating two uncertain conditions to occur more than a single general one

Answer 24

Conjunction fallacy

Question 25

overestimating the improbable is ________.

Answer 25

• Recall dramatic events more

- Due to media coverage

Question 26

Flaws in decision making

Answer 26

• unrealistic standard of rationality

- need to ask different questions

Question 27

Fixing our biases

Answer 27

System 1 - intuitive system that is fast, automatic, effortless, implicit, emotional
(best for every day types of decisions)

System 2 - slower, conscious, effortful, explicit, logical
(best for bigger more important decisions)

Question 28

standford binet was the first ___ test with scores shaped like a bell curve

Answer 28

standardized

Question 29

Wechsler was first to incorporate both a ______ and ______.

Answer 29

verbal IQ and performance IQ

Question 30

Types of Heuristics in Judging Probabilities

Answer 30

Conjunction fallacy
Gambler's fallacy
Representativeness heuristic
Availability heuristic
Base rate fallacy