09 - Motivation & Emotion Flashcards by Ryan Walker

Internal motivation is based on maintaining homeostasis (internal state where we want equilibrium. ex body temp) biological reasons.

This is referred to as:

Drive Theories

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External motivation. Regulated by external stimuli
(exists outside the organism)

This is referred to as:

Incentive Theories

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What are examples of Biological Motives?

Specifically the 2 that we’re focusing on in this class?

*Hunger
*Sex
Temperature
Thirst
Excretion
Sleep
Activity
Aggression

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What are examples of Social Motives?

Specifically the 1 that we’re focusing on in this class?

*Achievement
Affiliation
Dominance
Nurturance
Exhibition
Order
Autonomy
Play

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What causes hunger?

Hypothalamus
Glucose and Digestive Regulation
Hormonal Regulation

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blood sugar goes down, hunger goes up

Glucose and Digestive Regulation

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insulin (increases hunger) and leptin (inhibits appetite)

Hormonal Regulation

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3 Environmental Factors of Hunger

Food availability and related cues
Learned preferences and habits
Stress

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3 Food availability and related cues

1) Palatability
2) Quantity
3) Variety

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2 ways Learned preferences and habits inform hunger

1) Classical conditioning

2) Observational Learning

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Biologist who studied 18,000 people that focused on the frequency of sexual behaviors of men vs. women

Alfred Kinsey

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William Masters & Virginia Johnson (1960’s) conducted groundbreaking research concerning ______.

Human sexual Response

They Monitored volunteers engaged in sexual activity with physiological recording devices

excitement
plateau
orgasm
resolution

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(Evolutionary Analysis) Parental Investment Theory:

Biological Reality for men

Reproduction involves minimal investment of time, energy and risk

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(Evolutionary Analysis) Parental Investment Theory:

Evolutionary Significance for men

Maximize reproductive success by seeking

more sexual partners with high reproductive potential

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(Evolutionary Analysis) Parental Investment Theory:

Behavioral Outcomes for men

More interest in uncommitted sex; greater number of sex partners over lifetime; look for youth and attractiveness

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Gender Differences in Sexual Activity

What are the studies and results?

Buss and Schmitt (1993)

- Men desired 18 partners
- Women desired 5 partners

Clark & Hatfield (1989)

 - Average-looking man approaches females (0% of women agreed to have sex)
 - Average-looking woman approaches males (75% of men agreed to have sex)

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Who/what study did?

Bisexual woman approached by a male or female
Being approached by best friend of opposite sex
Attractive celebrity versus unattractive celebrity

Conley (2011) Studies on Casual Sex

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Mate Preferences

Women prefer men who have resources

Men prefer women who are young and healthy

Other factors involved in mate selection

More research is needed

sexual orientation is defined as:

one’s sexual attractions toward another

What is the.Kinsey Continuum

Sliding scale from 0-6

exclusively heterosexual - exclusively homosexual

TAT (Thematic Apperception Test)

Test that measures achievement

Achievement motive is ________.

the need to excel

Affiliation Arousal

more concerned with their connection to others

Achievement Arousal

more concerned with achievement

What are four factors found within Achievement motive?

1) work harder and more persistently 2) delay gratification 3) pursue competitive careers 4) situational factors influence achievement motives

Interesting fact about emotions and language

over 550 words in English language to describe emotions

3 components of emotions

1) Cognitive Component 2) Physiological Component = bodily (autonomic) arousal 3) Behavioral component

What are 3 aspects of the Cognitive Component of emotions?

1) subjective conscious experience 2) expressed verbally 3) internal feelings that operate on their own

What happens with the Physiological Component of emotions?

bodily autonomic arousal

``` Pupils dialated, Dry, far vision Sweaty Goose Bumps Passages Dilated Increased Rate Blood Supply Maximum to Muscles, Increased Adrenal Gland Activity, Inhibited Digestion ``` Physiological Component of emotion is a result of what?

sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system

The Behavioral component of emotions is:

Expressed through non-verbal behaviors

Reasearchers discovered there are _____ fundamental emotions.

Six fundamental emotions

happiness, sadness, anger, fear, disgust, surprise

Facial feedback hypothesis

ex; if you smile, you will feel happier

T or F? | there are no cross cultural similarities identifying facial expressions

False

Emotional expressions facilitating specific behaviors from others is referred to as:

Interpersonal Functions of Emotion

Examples of emotional expressions facilitate specific behaviors from others:

Influences of smiles and servers pouring more beverages anger evokes fear or avoidant behavior in others distress evokes sympathy

T or F? Emotional expressions provide incentives for desired social behavior

True

What were the findings of the Visual cliff study with infants and their mothers?

- no infants crossed the table if mother showed fear | - 75% crossed when mother showed interest or joy

norms for regulating appropriate expression of emotion (that vary from culture to culture).

Cultural display rules

(Evolutionary Analysis) Parental Investment Theory: Biological Reality for women

Reproduction involves substantial investment of time, energy and risk

(Evolutionary Analysis) Parental Investment Theory: Evolutionary Significance for women Maximize reproductive success by seeking partners

willing to invest material resources in their offspring

(Evolutionary Analysis) Parental Investment Theory: Behavioral Outcomes for women

Less interest in uncommitted sex; smaller number of sex partners over lifetime; look for income, status, and ambition in partners