07 - Human Memory Flashcards
Elements of memory
Encoding Storage Retrieval Forgetting Physiology of Memory Systems & Types of Memory
Can adults or children remember better?
Adults
children’s brains are still developing
Adults have more awareness/metamemory
Adults have source monitoring
3 key processes of memory
Encoding / Storage / Retrieval
How memory gets into memory
Encoding
How information is maintained in memory
Storage
How information is pulled back out of memory
Retrieval
T or F?
3 key processes of memory are independent.
False:
They’re all bound together and impact each other
focusing awareness on a narrow range of stimuli
*one of the most important aspects of memory
Attention
How is attention impacted when multitasking?
attention is negatively impacted when we multitask
3 Levels of processing theory in which we encode stimuli.
Which on helps your memory most?
Structural = physical structure Phonemic = sound *Semantic = meaning
What are 2 ways to improve encoding?
Elaboration (coming up with examples) & Visual Imagery (creating vivid images of information)
3 types of memory storage:
1) Sensory Memory
2) Short-term Memory
3) Long-term Memory
functionally distinct types of memory
Sensory Memory
information is preserved in original form through the senses
Short-Term Memory
limited storage capacity for 20 seconds
way to counteract short term memory and remember longer
Rehearsal
grouping familiar stimuli for storage as a single unit
chunking
What is The Magic Number?
seven +/-2
4 components of short term memory as working memory:
1) phonological loop
2) visuospatial sketchpad
3) Central executive system
4) episodic buffer
phonological loop =
recite or think of info
visuospatial sketchpad =
hold and change visual
Central executive system =
direct and divide attention
episodic buffer =
prepares short term memory info for long term memory
Long Term Memory has ________.
Unlimited storage capacity
detailed and vivid recollections of important events
flashbulb memory
What are 3 ways knowledge is represented and organized in memory?
Schemas
Semantic Networks
Parallel Distributed Processing
How is memory related to Schemas?
more likely to remember things consistent with our schemas or that go against our schemas
Semantic Networks deal with ________.
Related concepts
Parallel Distributed Processing is ________.
patterns of activation in neural networks
temporary inability to remember something, followed by feeling that it’s out of reach
tip-of-the-tongue
stimuli that help gain access to memories are called ________.
Retrieval Cues
Context Cues work by ________.
placing yourself in the context of the memory
When a person’s recall of an event is changed by misleading post-event information is called _______.
Misinformation Effect
Elizabeth Loftus
Memory from one source is misattributed to a different source
(Marcia Johnson)
Source Monitoring Error
Ebbinghaus’ Curve says that ________.
Forgetting is Adaptive
What did Ebbinghaus do to study forgetting?
Tried to remember Nonsense Syllables
What are 3 measures of Retention?
Recall - essay questions
Recognition - multiple choice
Relearning - memorizing info a second time
T or F?
The difficulty of a recognition test can vary
True
Memories never stored due to lack of attention is called ________.
Ineffective encoding
Forgetting information because of other competing material is called ________.
Interference
2 types of interference
Retroactive - new info interferes with ability to remember old info
Proactive - old info interferes with ability to remember new info
encoding specificity principle
people encode information in specific ways
Repression
tendency to forget things we don’t want to think about
unpleasant, distressing, embarrassing, painful
4 types of retrieval failure:
Ineffective encoding
Interference
Encoding specificity principle
Repression
2 types of memory systems
Declarative
Nondeclarative
Declarative
Factual Information
Nondeclarative
Actions, Perceptual Motor Skills, Conditioned Reflexes, Emotional Memories
2 systems of Declarative memory
Semantic Memory System
Episodic Memory System
Semantic Memory System
General knowledge, stored undated
Ex: Kangaroos have pouches
Episodic Memory System
Dated Recollections of Personal Experiences
(Time Stamped)
Ex: First music concert
Things you need to do in the future
Prospective Memory
Things you need to do in the future
Prospective Memory
2 critical principles of Ways to improve memory
1) Construct meaningufl cues
2) Those cues should be distinctive
*Use mnemonic devices
