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Psych 112 > 07 - Human Memory > Flashcards

07 - Human Memory Flashcards

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1
Q

Elements of memory

A 
Encoding
Storage
Retrieval
Forgetting
Physiology of Memory
Systems & Types of Memory
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2
Q

Can adults or children remember better?

A

Adults

children’s brains are still developing
Adults have more awareness/metamemory
Adults have source monitoring

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3
Q

3 key processes of memory

A

Encoding / Storage / Retrieval

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4
Q

How memory gets into memory

A

Encoding

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5
Q

How information is maintained in memory

A

Storage

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6
Q

How information is pulled back out of memory

A

Retrieval

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7
Q

T or F?

3 key processes of memory are independent.

A

False:

They’re all bound together and impact each other

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8
Q

focusing awareness on a narrow range of stimuli

*one of the most important aspects of memory

A

Attention

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9
Q

How is attention impacted when multitasking?

A

attention is negatively impacted when we multitask

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10
Q

3 Levels of processing theory in which we encode stimuli.

Which on helps your memory most?

A 
Structural = physical structure
Phonemic = sound
*Semantic = meaning
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11
Q

What are 2 ways to improve encoding?

A 
Elaboration (coming up with examples) & 
Visual Imagery (creating vivid images of information)
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12
Q

3 types of memory storage:

A

1) Sensory Memory
2) Short-term Memory
3) Long-term Memory

functionally distinct types of memory

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13
Q

Sensory Memory

A

information is preserved in original form through the senses

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14
Q

Short-Term Memory

A

limited storage capacity for 20 seconds

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15
Q

way to counteract short term memory and remember longer

A

Rehearsal

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16
Q

grouping familiar stimuli for storage as a single unit

A

chunking

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17
Q

What is The Magic Number?

A

seven +/-2

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18
Q

4 components of short term memory as working memory:

A

1) phonological loop
2) visuospatial sketchpad
3) Central executive system
4) episodic buffer

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19
Q

phonological loop =

A

recite or think of info

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20
Q

visuospatial sketchpad =

A

hold and change visual

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21
Q

Central executive system =

A

direct and divide attention

22
Q

episodic buffer =

A

prepares short term memory info for long term memory

23
Q

Long Term Memory has ________.

A

Unlimited storage capacity

24
Q

detailed and vivid recollections of important events

A

flashbulb memory

25
Q

What are 3 ways knowledge is represented and organized in memory?

A

Schemas
Semantic Networks
Parallel Distributed Processing

26
Q

How is memory related to Schemas?

A

more likely to remember things consistent with our schemas or that go against our schemas

27
Q

Semantic Networks deal with ________.

A

Related concepts

28
Q

Parallel Distributed Processing is ________.

A

patterns of activation in neural networks

29
Q

temporary inability to remember something, followed by feeling that it’s out of reach

A

tip-of-the-tongue

30
Q

stimuli that help gain access to memories are called ________.

A

Retrieval Cues

31
Q

Context Cues work by ________.

A

placing yourself in the context of the memory

32
Q

When a person’s recall of an event is changed by misleading post-event information is called _______.

A

Misinformation Effect

Elizabeth Loftus

33
Q

Memory from one source is misattributed to a different source

(Marcia Johnson)

A

Source Monitoring Error

34
Q

Ebbinghaus’ Curve says that ________.

A

Forgetting is Adaptive

35
Q

What did Ebbinghaus do to study forgetting?

A

Tried to remember Nonsense Syllables

36
Q

What are 3 measures of Retention?

A

Recall - essay questions
Recognition - multiple choice
Relearning - memorizing info a second time

37
Q

T or F?

The difficulty of a recognition test can vary

A

True

38
Q

Memories never stored due to lack of attention is called ________.

A

Ineffective encoding

39
Q

Forgetting information because of other competing material is called ________.

A

Interference

40
Q

2 types of interference

A

Retroactive - new info interferes with ability to remember old info
Proactive - old info interferes with ability to remember new info

41
Q

encoding specificity principle

A

people encode information in specific ways

42
Q

Repression

A

tendency to forget things we don’t want to think about

unpleasant, distressing, embarrassing, painful

43
Q

4 types of retrieval failure:

A

Ineffective encoding
Interference
Encoding specificity principle
Repression

44
Q

2 types of memory systems

A

Declarative

Nondeclarative

45
Q

Declarative

A

Factual Information

46
Q

Nondeclarative

A

Actions, Perceptual Motor Skills, Conditioned Reflexes, Emotional Memories

47
Q

2 systems of Declarative memory

A

Semantic Memory System

Episodic Memory System

48
Q

Semantic Memory System

A

General knowledge, stored undated

Ex: Kangaroos have pouches

49
Q

Episodic Memory System

A

Dated Recollections of Personal Experiences
(Time Stamped)

Ex: First music concert

50
Q

Things you need to do in the future

A

Prospective Memory

51
Q

Things you need to do in the future

A

Prospective Memory

52
Q

2 critical principles of Ways to improve memory

A

1) Construct meaningufl cues
2) Those cues should be distinctive

*Use mnemonic devices

Psych 112 (15 decks)

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