07 - Human Memory

Question 1

Elements of memory

Answer 1

Encoding
Storage
Retrieval
Forgetting
Physiology of Memory
Systems & Types of Memory

Question 2

Can adults or children remember better?

Answer 2

Adults

children’s brains are still developing
Adults have more awareness/metamemory
Adults have source monitoring

Question 3

3 key processes of memory

Answer 3

Encoding / Storage / Retrieval

Question 4

How memory gets into memory

Answer 4

Encoding

Question 5

How information is maintained in memory

Answer 5

Storage

Question 6

How information is pulled back out of memory

Answer 6

Retrieval

Question 7

T or F?

3 key processes of memory are independent.

Answer 7

False:

They’re all bound together and impact each other

Question 8

focusing awareness on a narrow range of stimuli

*one of the most important aspects of memory

Answer 8

Attention

Question 9

How is attention impacted when multitasking?

Answer 9

attention is negatively impacted when we multitask

Question 10

3 Levels of processing theory in which we encode stimuli.

Which on helps your memory most?

Answer 10

Structural = physical structure
Phonemic = sound
*Semantic = meaning

Question 11

What are 2 ways to improve encoding?

Answer 11

Elaboration (coming up with examples) & 
Visual Imagery (creating vivid images of information)

Question 12

3 types of memory storage:

Answer 12

1) Sensory Memory
2) Short-term Memory
3) Long-term Memory

functionally distinct types of memory

Question 13

Sensory Memory

Answer 13

information is preserved in original form through the senses

Question 14

Short-Term Memory

Answer 14

limited storage capacity for 20 seconds

Question 15

way to counteract short term memory and remember longer

Answer 15

Rehearsal

Question 16

grouping familiar stimuli for storage as a single unit

Answer 16

chunking

Question 17

What is The Magic Number?

Answer 17

seven +/-2

Question 18

4 components of short term memory as working memory:

Answer 18

1) phonological loop
2) visuospatial sketchpad
3) Central executive system
4) episodic buffer

Question 19

phonological loop =

Answer 19

recite or think of info

Question 20

visuospatial sketchpad =

Answer 20

hold and change visual

Question 21

Central executive system =

Answer 21

direct and divide attention

Question 22

episodic buffer =

Answer 22

prepares short term memory info for long term memory

Question 23

Long Term Memory has ________.

Answer 23

Unlimited storage capacity

Question 24

detailed and vivid recollections of important events

Answer 24

flashbulb memory

Question 25

What are 3 ways knowledge is represented and organized in memory?

Answer 25

Schemas Semantic Networks Parallel Distributed Processing

Question 26

How is memory related to Schemas?

Answer 26

more likely to remember things consistent with our schemas or that go against our schemas

Question 27

Semantic Networks deal with ________.

Answer 27

Related concepts

Question 28

Parallel Distributed Processing is ________.

Answer 28

patterns of activation in neural networks

Question 29

temporary inability to remember something, followed by feeling that it's out of reach

Answer 29

tip-of-the-tongue

Question 30

stimuli that help gain access to memories are called ________.

Answer 30

Retrieval Cues

Question 31

Context Cues work by ________.

Answer 31

placing yourself in the context of the memory

Question 32

When a person's recall of an event is changed by misleading post-event information is called _______.

Answer 32

Misinformation Effect | Elizabeth Loftus

Question 33

Memory from one source is misattributed to a different source (Marcia Johnson)

Answer 33

Source Monitoring Error

Question 34

Ebbinghaus' Curve says that ________.

Answer 34

Forgetting is Adaptive

Question 35

What did Ebbinghaus do to study forgetting?

Answer 35

Tried to remember Nonsense Syllables

Question 36

What are 3 measures of Retention?

Answer 36

Recall - essay questions Recognition - multiple choice Relearning - memorizing info a second time

Question 37

T or F? | The difficulty of a recognition test can vary

Answer 37

True

Question 38

Memories never stored due to lack of attention is called ________.

Answer 38

Ineffective encoding

Question 39

Forgetting information because of other competing material is called ________.

Answer 39

Interference

Question 40

2 types of interference

Answer 40

Retroactive - new info interferes with ability to remember old info Proactive - old info interferes with ability to remember new info

Question 41

encoding specificity principle

Answer 41

people encode information in specific ways

Question 42

Repression

Answer 42

tendency to forget things we don't want to think about | unpleasant, distressing, embarrassing, painful

Question 43

4 types of retrieval failure:

Answer 43

Ineffective encoding Interference Encoding specificity principle Repression

Question 44

2 types of memory systems

Answer 44

Declarative | Nondeclarative

Question 45

Declarative

Answer 45

Factual Information

Question 46

Nondeclarative

Answer 46

Actions, Perceptual Motor Skills, Conditioned Reflexes, Emotional Memories

Question 47

2 systems of Declarative memory

Answer 47

Semantic Memory System | Episodic Memory System

Question 48

Semantic Memory System

Answer 48

General knowledge, stored undated Ex: Kangaroos have pouches

Question 49

Episodic Memory System

Answer 49

Dated Recollections of Personal Experiences (Time Stamped) Ex: First music concert

Question 50

Things you need to do in the future

Answer 50

Prospective Memory

Question 51

Things you need to do in the future

Answer 51

Prospective Memory

Question 52

2 critical principles of Ways to improve memory

Answer 52

1) Construct meaningufl cues 2) Those cues should be distinctive *Use mnemonic devices