Ch. 2 Basic Exercise Science Flashcards
A conglomeration of billions of cells specifically designed to provide a communication network within the human body, divided into two parts CNS and PNS
Nervous system
The combination and interrelation of the nervous, skeletal, and muscular systems.
Kinetic Chain
Composed of the brain and spinal cord
Central nervous system (CNS)
contains only nerves and connects the brain and spinal cord (CNS) to the rest of the body
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
The ability of the nervous system to sense changes in either the internal or external environment
Sensory Function
The ability of the nervous system to analyze and interpret sensory information to allow for proper decision making, which produces the appropriate response.
Integrative Function
The neuromuscular response to the sensory information
Motor Function
The functional unit of the nervous system; composed of three main parts: the cell body (or soma), axon, and dendrites
Neuron
Transmit nerve impulses from effector sites (such as muscles and organs) via receptors to the brain and spinal cord
Sensory (afferent) neurons
Transmit nerve impulses from one neuron to another
Interneurons
Transmit nerve impulses from the brain and spinal cord to effector sites
Motor (efferent) neurons
Sensory receptors responsible for sensing distortion in body tissues (touch and pressure)
Mechanoreceptors
Receptors sensitive to change in length of the muscle and the rate of that change
Muscle Spindles
Receptors sensitive to change in tension of the muscle and the rate of that change
Golgi tendon organs
Receptors surrounding a joint that respond to pressure, acceleration, and deceleration of the joint
Joint Receptors
Portin of the skeletal system that consists of the skull, rib cage, and vertebral column
Axial Skeleton
Portion of the skeletal system that includes the upper and lower extremities
Appendicular Skeleton
The process of resorption and formation of bone
Remodeling
A type of bone cell that removes bone tissue
Osteoclasts
A type of cell that is responsible for bone formation
Osteoblasts
The end of long bones, which is mainly composed of cancellous bone, and house much of the red marrow involved in red blood cell production. They are also one of the primary sites for bone growth
Epiphysis
The shaft portion of a long bone
Diaphysis
The region of long bone connecting the diaphysis to the epiphysis. It is a layer of subdividing cartilaginous cells in which growth in lengths of the diaphysis occurs
Epiphyseal Plate
A dense membrane composed of fibrous connective tissue that closes wraps all bone, except that of the articulating surfaces in joints, which are covered by a synovial membrane
Periosteum
The central cavity of bone shafts where marrow is stored
Medullar cavity
Cartilage that covers there articular surfaces of bones
Articular (hyaline) cartilage
Flattened or indented portions of bone, which can be muscle attachment sites
Depressions
Projections protruding from the bone where muscles, tendons, and ligaments can attach
Processes
A series of irregularly shaped bones called vertebrae that houses the spinal cord
Vertebral Column
Joint motion
Arthrokinematics
Joints that are held together by a joint capsule and ligaments and are most associated with movement in the body
Synovial Joints
Joints that do not have a joint cavity, connective tissue, or cartilage
Nonsynovial Joints
Primary connective tissue that connects bones together and provides stability, input to the nervous system, guidance, and the limitation of improper joint movement
Ligament
Series of muscles that moves the skeleton
Muscular System
A layer of connective tissue that is underneath the fascia and surrounds the muscle
Epimysium
The connective tissue that surrounds fascicles
Perimysium
The deepest layer of connective tissue that surrounds individual muscle fibers
Endomysium
Connective tissues that attach muscle to bone and provide an anchor for muscles to produce force
Tendons
The functional unit of muscle that produces muscular contraction and consists of repeating sections of actin and myosin
Sarcomere
The contraction of a muscle generated by neural stimulation
Neural activation
A motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers in innervates
Motor unit
Chemical messengers that cross the neuromuscular junction (synapse) to transmit electrical impulses from the nerve to the muscle
Neurotransmitters
