CH. 14: MUSCULOSKELETAL TERMS

Question 1

bone

Answer 1

organ made up of hard connective tissue with a dense outer layer and spongy inner layer.

Question 2

periosteum

Answer 2

outermost layer of the bone, made up of fibrous tissue

Question 3

compact bone

Answer 3

dense, hard layers of bone tissue that lie underneath the periosteum

Question 4

cancellous bone

Answer 4

contains little spaces like a sponge and is encased in the layers of compact bone (also called spongy bone)

Question 5

endosteum

Answer 5

membranous lining of the hollow cavity of the bone

Question 6

diaphysis

Answer 6

shaft of the long bones

Question 7

epiphysis (pl. epiphyses)

Answer 7

end of each long bone

Question 8

bone marrow

Answer 8

material found in the cavities of bones

Question 9

red marrow

Answer 9

thick, bloodlike material found in flat bones and the ends of long bones; location of blood cell formation

Question 10

yellow marrow

Answer 10

soft, fatty material found in the medullary cavity of long bones

Question 11

maxilla

Answer 11

upper jawbone

Question 12

mandible

Answer 12

lower jawbone

Question 13

vertebral column

Answer 13

made up of bones called vertebrae (pl.) or vertebra (s.) through which the spinal cord runs. The vertebral column protects the spinal cord, supports the head, and provides points of attachment for ribs and muscles.

Question 14

cervical vertebrae (C1 to C7)

Answer 14

first set of seven vertebrae, forming the neck.

Question 15

thoracic vertebrae (T1 to T12)

Answer 15

second set of 12 vertebrae. They articulate with the 12 pairs of ribs to form the outward curve of the spine.

Question 16

lumbar vertebrae (L1 to L5)

Answer 16

third set of five larger vertebrae, which forms the inward curve of the spine.

Question 17

sacrum

Answer 17

next five vertebrae, which fuse together to form a triangular bone positioned between the two hip bones, forming joints called the sacroiliac joints.

Question 18

coccyx

Answer 18

four vertebrae fused together to form the tailbone

Question 19

laminae

Answer 19

flat plates of bone that form the vertebral arch, the posterior portion of the spinal canal

Question 20

clavicle

Answer 20

collarbone

Question 21

scapula

Answer 21

shoulder blade

Question 22

acromion process

Answer 22

extension of the scapula, which forms the superior point of the shoulder

Question 23

sternum

Answer 23

breastbone

Question 24

xiphoid process

Answer 24

lower portion of the sternum

Question 25

humerus

Answer 25

upper arm bone

Question 26

ulna and radius

Answer 26

lower arm bones

Question 27

olecranon process

Answer 27

projection at the proximal end of the ulna that forms the bony point of the elbow

Question 28

carpal bones

Answer 28

wrist bones

Question 29

metacarpal bones

Answer 29

hand bones (also called metacarpus)

Question 30

phalanx (pl. phalanges)

Answer 30

finger and toe bones

Question 31

pelvis

Answer 31

made up of three bones fused together (also called pelvic bones and hip bones)

Question 32

ischium

Answer 32

lower, posterior portion of the pelvis on which one sits

Question 33

ilium

Answer 33

upper, wing-shaped part on each side of the pelvis

Question 34

pubis

Answer 34

anterior portion of the pelvis

Question 35

acetabulum

Answer 35

large socket in the pelvis for the head of the femur

Question 36

femur

Answer 36

upper leg bone

Question 37

tibia and fibula

Answer 37

lower leg bones

Question 38

patella (pl. patellae)

Answer 38

kneecap

Question 39

tarsal bones

Answer 39

ankle bones

Question 40

calcaneus

Answer 40

heel bone

Question 41

metatarsal bones

Answer 41

foot bones

Question 42

joint

Answer 42

junction of two or more bones, which often allows for movement of these bones (also called articulation)

Question 43

cartilage

Answer 43

firm connective tissue primarily found in joints. Articular cartilage covers the contacting surfaces of bones.

Question 44

meniscus

Answer 44

crescent-shaped cartilage found in some joints, including the knee

Question 45

intervertebral disk

Answer 45

cartilaginous pad found between the vertebrae in the spine

Question 46

pubic symphysis

Answer 46

cartilaginous joint at which two pubic bones come together anteriorly at the midline

Question 47

synovia

Answer 47

fluid secreted by the synovial membrane and found in joint cavities, bursae, and around tendons

Question 48

bursa (pl. bursae)

Answer 48

fluid-filled sac that allows for easy movement of one part of a joint over another

Question 49

ligament

Answer 49

flexible, tough band of fibrous connective tissue that attaches one bone to another at a joint.

Question 50

tendon

Answer 50

band of fibrous connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone

Question 51

aponeurosis

Answer 51

strong sheet of tissue that acts as a tendon to attach muscles to bone

Question 52

muscle

Answer 52

tissue composed of specialized cells with the ability to contract to produce movement; the three types of muscle tissue are skeletal, smooth, and cardiac

Question 53

fascia

Answer 53

band or sheet of connective tissue that encloses muscles and separates their layers

Question 54

skeletal muscles

Answer 54

attached to bones by tendons and make body movement possible. Skeletal muscles produce action by pulling and working in pairs. They are also known as voluntary muscles because we have control over them. Alternating dark and light bands create striations (stripes) (also called striated muscles)

Question 55

smooth muscles

Answer 55

located in internal organs such as the walls of blood vessels and the digestive tract. They are also known as involuntary muscles because they respond to impulses from the autonomic nerves and are not controlled voluntarily (also called unstriated muscles)

Question 56

cardiac muscle

Answer 56

forms most of the wall of the heart. Its involuntary contraction produces the heartbeat (also called myocardium)