Ch. 11: Cardiovascular System Flashcards
arrhythmias
abnormal heart rhythms (dysrrhythmias)
bradycardia and heart block
failure of proper conduction of impulses from the SA node through the AV node to the atrioventricular bundle
flutter
rapid but regular contractions usually inn the atria
fibrillation
very rapid, random, inefficient, and irregular contractions of the heart (350 beats or more per minute)
congenital heart disease
abnormalities in the heart at birth
coarctation of the aorta
narrowing of the aorta
patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)
passageway between the aorta and the pulmonary artery remains open after birth
septal defects
small holes in the wall between the atria (atrial septal defects) or ventricles (ventricular septal defects)
tetralogy of Fallot
congenital malformation involving four distinct heart defects
congestive heart failure (CHF)
heart is unable to pump its required amount of blood
coronary artery disease (CAD)
disease of the arteries surrounding the heart
endocarditis
inflammation of the inner lining of the heart
hypertensive heat disease
high blood pressure affecting the heart
mitral valve prolapse (MVP)
improper closure of the mitral valve
murmur
extra heart sound, heard between normal beats
pericarditis
inflammation of the membrane surrounding the heart
rheumatic heart disease
heart disease caused by rheumatic fever
aneurysm
local widening of the arterial wall
deep vein thrombosis (DVT)
blood clot forms in a large vein, usually in a lower limb
hyperstention (HTN)
high blood pressure
peripheral arterial disease
blockage of arteries carrying blood to the legs, arms, kidneys, and other organs
Raynaud disease
recurrent episodes of pallor and cyanosis primarily in fingers and toes
varicose veins
abnormally swollen and twisted veins, usually occurring in the legs
BNP Test
measurement of BNP (brain natriuretic peptide) in blood
cardiac biomarkers
chemicals are measured in the blood as evidence of a heart attack
lipid tests (lipid profile)
measurement of cholesterol and triglycerides (fats) in the blood sample
lipoprotein electrophoresis
lipoproteins (combination of fat and protein) are physically separated and measured in a blood sample
angiography
x-ray imaging of blood vessels after injection of contrast material
computed tomography angiography (CTA)
3D x-ray images of the heart and coronary arteries using a computed tomography
digital subtraction angiography (DSA)
video equipment and a computer produce x-ray images of blood vessels
electron beam computed tomography (EBCT or EBT)
electron beams and CT identify calcium deposits in and around coronary arteries to diagnose early CAD
Doppler ultrasound studies
sound waves measure blood flow within blood vessels
echocardiography (ECHO)
echoes generated by high-frequency sound waves produce images of the heart
positron emission tomography (PET) scan
images show blood flow and myocardial function following uptake of radioactive glucose
technetium Tc 99m sestamibi scan
technetium Tc 99m sestamibi injected intravenously is taken up the cardiac tissue, where it’s detected by scanning
thallium 201 scan
concentration of radioactive thallium is measured to give information about blood supply to the heart and muscle
cardiac MRI
images of the heart are produced using radiowave energy in the magnetic field
cardiac catheterization
thin, flexible tube is guided into the heart via a vein or an artery
electrocardiography (ECG)
recording of electricity flowing through the heart
Holter monitoring
eb ECG device is worn during prolonged period to detect cardiac arrhythmias
stress test
exercise tolerance test (ETT) determines the heart’s response to physical exertion (Stress)
catheter ablation
brief delivery of radiofrequency energy to ablate (remove) areas of the heart tissue that may be causing arrhythmias
coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG)
arteries and veins are anastomosed to coronary arteries to detour around blockages
defibrillation
brief discharges of electricity are applied across the chest to stop dysrhythmias (ventricular fibrillation)
endarterectomy
surgical removal of plaque from the inner layer of an artery
extracorporeal circulation
heart-lung machine diverts blood from the heart and lungs while heart is repaired
heart transplantation
donor heart is transferred to a recipient
extracorporeal circulation
balloon-tipped catheter is inserted into a coronary artery to open the artery; stents are put in place
thrombolytic therapy
drugs to dissolve clots are injected into the bloodstream of patients with coronary thrombosis
transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR)
placement of a balloon-expandable aortic heart valve into the body via a catheter.
