Ch. 11: Cardiovascular System

Question 1

arrhythmias

Answer 1

abnormal heart rhythms (dysrrhythmias)

Question 2

bradycardia and heart block

Answer 2

failure of proper conduction of impulses from the SA node through the AV node to the atrioventricular bundle

Question 3

flutter

Answer 3

rapid but regular contractions usually inn the atria

Question 4

fibrillation

Answer 4

very rapid, random, inefficient, and irregular contractions of the heart (350 beats or more per minute)

Question 5

congenital heart disease

Answer 5

abnormalities in the heart at birth

Question 6

coarctation of the aorta

Answer 6

narrowing of the aorta

Question 7

patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)

Answer 7

passageway between the aorta and the pulmonary artery remains open after birth

Question 8

septal defects

Answer 8

small holes in the wall between the atria (atrial septal defects) or ventricles (ventricular septal defects)

Question 9

tetralogy of Fallot

Answer 9

congenital malformation involving four distinct heart defects

Question 10

congestive heart failure (CHF)

Answer 10

heart is unable to pump its required amount of blood

Question 11

coronary artery disease (CAD)

Answer 11

disease of the arteries surrounding the heart

Question 12

endocarditis

Answer 12

inflammation of the inner lining of the heart

Question 13

hypertensive heat disease

Answer 13

high blood pressure affecting the heart

Question 14

mitral valve prolapse (MVP)

Answer 14

improper closure of the mitral valve

Question 15

murmur

Answer 15

extra heart sound, heard between normal beats

Question 16

pericarditis

Answer 16

inflammation of the membrane surrounding the heart

Question 17

rheumatic heart disease

Answer 17

heart disease caused by rheumatic fever

Question 18

aneurysm

Answer 18

local widening of the arterial wall

Question 19

deep vein thrombosis (DVT)

Answer 19

blood clot forms in a large vein, usually in a lower limb

Question 20

hyperstention (HTN)

Answer 20

high blood pressure

Question 21

peripheral arterial disease

Answer 21

blockage of arteries carrying blood to the legs, arms, kidneys, and other organs

Question 22

Raynaud disease

Answer 22

recurrent episodes of pallor and cyanosis primarily in fingers and toes

Question 23

varicose veins

Answer 23

abnormally swollen and twisted veins, usually occurring in the legs

Question 24

BNP Test

Answer 24

measurement of BNP (brain natriuretic peptide) in blood

Question 25

cardiac biomarkers

Answer 25

chemicals are measured in the blood as evidence of a heart attack

Question 26

lipid tests (lipid profile)

Answer 26

measurement of cholesterol and triglycerides (fats) in the blood sample

Question 27

lipoprotein electrophoresis

Answer 27

lipoproteins (combination of fat and protein) are physically separated and measured in a blood sample

Question 28

angiography

Answer 28

x-ray imaging of blood vessels after injection of contrast material

Question 29

computed tomography angiography (CTA)

Answer 29

3D x-ray images of the heart and coronary arteries using a computed tomography

Question 30

digital subtraction angiography (DSA)

Answer 30

video equipment and a computer produce x-ray images of blood vessels

Question 31

electron beam computed tomography (EBCT or EBT)

Answer 31

electron beams and CT identify calcium deposits in and around coronary arteries to diagnose early CAD

Question 32

Doppler ultrasound studies

Answer 32

sound waves measure blood flow within blood vessels

Question 33

echocardiography (ECHO)

Answer 33

echoes generated by high-frequency sound waves produce images of the heart

Question 34

positron emission tomography (PET) scan

Answer 34

images show blood flow and myocardial function following uptake of radioactive glucose

Question 35

technetium Tc 99m sestamibi scan

Answer 35

technetium Tc 99m sestamibi injected intravenously is taken up the cardiac tissue, where it’s detected by scanning

Question 36

thallium 201 scan

Answer 36

concentration of radioactive thallium is measured to give information about blood supply to the heart and muscle

Question 37

cardiac MRI

Answer 37

images of the heart are produced using radiowave energy in the magnetic field

Question 38

cardiac catheterization

Answer 38

thin, flexible tube is guided into the heart via a vein or an artery

Question 39

electrocardiography (ECG)

Answer 39

recording of electricity flowing through the heart

Question 40

Holter monitoring

Answer 40

eb ECG device is worn during prolonged period to detect cardiac arrhythmias

Question 41

stress test

Answer 41

exercise tolerance test (ETT) determines the heart’s response to physical exertion (Stress)

Question 42

catheter ablation

Answer 42

brief delivery of radiofrequency energy to ablate (remove) areas of the heart tissue that may be causing arrhythmias

Question 43

coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG)

Answer 43

arteries and veins are anastomosed to coronary arteries to detour around blockages

Question 44

defibrillation

Answer 44

brief discharges of electricity are applied across the chest to stop dysrhythmias (ventricular fibrillation)

Question 45

endarterectomy

Answer 45

surgical removal of plaque from the inner layer of an artery

Question 46

extracorporeal circulation

Answer 46

heart-lung machine diverts blood from the heart and lungs while heart is repaired

Question 47

heart transplantation

Answer 47

donor heart is transferred to a recipient

Question 48

extracorporeal circulation

Answer 48

balloon-tipped catheter is inserted into a coronary artery to open the artery; stents are put in place

Question 49

thrombolytic therapy

Answer 49

drugs to dissolve clots are injected into the bloodstream of patients with coronary thrombosis

Question 50

transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR)

Answer 50

placement of a balloon-expandable aortic heart valve into the body via a catheter.