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biology > Cell Differentiation > Flashcards

Cell Differentiation Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is development?

A

all the changes that occur in the life of an individual. This begins at conception.

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2
Q

What is a zygote?

A

fertilized egg cell (divides by mitosis right away)

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3
Q

What is a blastocyst?

A

hollow ball of cells

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4
Q

What is a embryo?

A

once a blastocyst implants in the uterus, it is called this. Continues through week 8 after fertilization.

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5
Q

What is a fetus? When?

A

Starting at week 9. Called a fetus till birth.

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6
Q

In growth and development after the zygote is made, what is it called?

A

mitosis ONLY

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7
Q

What cell determination?

A

gradual commitment of groups of cells to specific patterns of gene activity.

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8
Q

What are stem cells?

A

unspecialized cells that can give rise to any other type of somatic cell

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9
Q

what is a pluripotent stem cell?

A

meaning they have the potential to develop into all cell types.

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10
Q

What is the name of a pluripotent stem cell?

A

embryoic stem cell

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11
Q

what is a multipotent stem cell?

A

meaning they can develop into more than 1 type of cell, but they are more limited than pluripotent cells.

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12
Q

what is a name of a multipotent stem cell?

A

stem cells in specific locations like ectoderm, bone marrow.

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13
Q

What is the three germ layers?

A

ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm

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14
Q

What cells are in the ectoderm layer? Like what can they become?

A

skin, nails, hair, brain, spinal cord, nerves, and glands

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15
Q

What cells are in the mesoderm layer? Like what can they become?

A

muscle and fat tissue
bones, cartilage, connective tissue
heart, blood, lymph vessels

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16
Q

What cells are in the endoderm layer? Like what can they become?

A

lining of digestive and respiratory tract
lungs, organs

17
Q

What are specialized cells?

A

cells with unique structures and functions in the body that all HAVE THE SAME SET OF DNA in their nucleus

18
Q

What do stem cells divide into?

A

divide to create specialized cells

19
Q

How do different cell types differ in?

A

Which sets of genes they express

20
Q

What is cell differentiation?

A

process by which unspecialized cells become specialized

21
Q

How does cell differentiation occur?

A

this occurs as certain genes are turned on and others are turned off

22
Q

What is transcription regulation?

A

control gene regulation/expression in differentiated cells,

basically controls what genes are used for the specifc cell type needed.

23
Q

what are transcription factors?

A

proteins that control the rate of gene transcription

24
Q

What is a activator transcription factor?

A

promotes transcription of a gene (turns on)

25
Q

What is a repressor transcription factor?

A

blocks the transcription of a gene (turns off)

biology (24 decks)

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