Cell Differentiation

Question 1

What is development?

Answer 1

all the changes that occur in the life of an individual. This begins at conception.

Question 2

What is a zygote?

Answer 2

fertilized egg cell (divides by mitosis right away)

Question 3

What is a blastocyst?

Answer 3

hollow ball of cells

Question 4

What is a embryo?

Answer 4

once a blastocyst implants in the uterus, it is called this. Continues through week 8 after fertilization.

Question 5

What is a fetus? When?

Answer 5

Starting at week 9. Called a fetus till birth.

Question 6

In growth and development after the zygote is made, what is it called?

Answer 6

mitosis ONLY

Question 7

What cell determination?

Answer 7

gradual commitment of groups of cells to specific patterns of gene activity.

Question 8

What are stem cells?

Answer 8

unspecialized cells that can give rise to any other type of somatic cell

Question 9

what is a pluripotent stem cell?

Answer 9

meaning they have the potential to develop into all cell types.

Question 10

What is the name of a pluripotent stem cell?

Answer 10

embryoic stem cell

Question 11

what is a multipotent stem cell?

Answer 11

meaning they can develop into more than 1 type of cell, but they are more limited than pluripotent cells.

Question 12

what is a name of a multipotent stem cell?

Answer 12

stem cells in specific locations like ectoderm, bone marrow.

Question 13

What is the three germ layers?

Answer 13

ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm

Question 14

What cells are in the ectoderm layer? Like what can they become?

Answer 14

skin, nails, hair, brain, spinal cord, nerves, and glands

Question 15

What cells are in the mesoderm layer? Like what can they become?

Answer 15

muscle and fat tissue
bones, cartilage, connective tissue
heart, blood, lymph vessels

Question 16

What cells are in the endoderm layer? Like what can they become?

Answer 16

lining of digestive and respiratory tract
lungs, organs

Question 17

What are specialized cells?

Answer 17

cells with unique structures and functions in the body that all HAVE THE SAME SET OF DNA in their nucleus

Question 18

What do stem cells divide into?

Answer 18

divide to create specialized cells

Question 19

How do different cell types differ in?

Answer 19

Which sets of genes they express

Question 20

What is cell differentiation?

Answer 20

process by which unspecialized cells become specialized

Question 21

How does cell differentiation occur?

Answer 21

this occurs as certain genes are turned on and others are turned off

Question 22

What is transcription regulation?

Answer 22

control gene regulation/expression in differentiated cells,

basically controls what genes are used for the specifc cell type needed.

Question 23

what are transcription factors?

Answer 23

proteins that control the rate of gene transcription

Question 24

What is a activator transcription factor?

Answer 24

promotes transcription of a gene (turns on)

Question 25

What is a repressor transcription factor?

Answer 25

blocks the transcription of a gene (turns off)