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Semester 4 > case 5 - immunity > Flashcards

case 5 - immunity Flashcards

1
Q

what is innate immunity

A

this is pre-existing immunity - naturally present

it does not amplify with repeated attacks by the same pathogen

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2
Q

does innate immunity have memory and is it specific

A

it has no memory and it is non-specific

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3
Q

what are the cells of the innate immune system

A

mast cells
basophils
eosinophils
natural killer cells
macrophages
neutrophils
dendritic cells

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4
Q

which 3 of these are phagocytes

A

macrophages
neutrophils
dendritic cells

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5
Q

what are the four elements of the innate immune system

A

physical barriers
antimicrobial factors
phagocytes and natural killer cells
inflammation and fever

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6
Q

what are the physical barriers

A

skin
respiratory tract
GI tract
eyes

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7
Q

what are the antimicrobial factors

A

complement
cytokines
iron binding proteins
anti microbial peptides

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8
Q

what are the cytokines - specifically interferons

A

interferons are released by activated macrophages and lymphocytes and virally affect cells interferon act internally in these cells and they also bind to receptor on normal cells, causing them to produce antiviral proteins. these proteins don’t interfere with the entry of the virus but they interfere with viral replication inside the cell

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9
Q

what is lactoferrin and what does it do

A

binds to iron, and in doing so it removes essential substrate required for bacterial growth

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10
Q

what is an example of an anti microbial peptide and where is it found

A

defensins - found in phagocytes

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11
Q

what is step one of inflammation

A

bacteria and other pathogens enter wound

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12
Q

what happens when the bacteria and pathogens enter

A

platelets from blood release blood-clotting proteins at wound site

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13
Q

what happens after platelet secretion

A

mast cells secrete factors that mediate vasodilation and vascular constriction. delivery of blood, plasma and cells to injured area increases

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14
Q

what is the next cell that is activated

A

neutrophils that secrete factors that kill and degrade pathogens

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15
Q

what do the neutrophils and macrophages do

A

remove pathogens by phagocytosis

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16
Q

what do macrophages secrete

A

hormones called cytokines that attract immune system cells to the site and activate cells involved in tissue repair

17
Q

what is the adaptive immune system

A

a dedicated system of tissues, cells and molecules that act in concert to provide specific immune responses

18
Q

what are the 3 cardinal characteristics of the adaptive immune responses

A

memory
specificity
discrimination between self and non self

19
Q

what are the cellular vectors of adaptive immune response

A

lymphocytes

20
Q

what are the three types of lymphocytes

A

T lymphocytes
B lymphocytes
Natural killer cytotoxic cells

21
Q

what does humoral immunity involve

A

resistance against extracellular pathogens and the production of specific antibodies to combat these pathogens

22
Q

where are B lymphocytes educated and matured

A

in the bone marrow

23
Q

where are T lymphocytes educated and matured

A

the thymus gland

24
Q

where are both T and B made

A

in the bone marrow

25
Q

what are the stages of adaptive immunity

A
  1. inflammation
  2. phagocytosis
  3. T helper cell activation and clonal expansion
  4. B lymphocyte activation, clonal expansion and clonal differentiation into plasma
26
Q

what happens in the phagocytosis stage of adaptive immunity

A

neutrophils - lead to B lymphocyte activation

macrophages - lead to T helper (CD4) activation

dendritic cells - lead to T lymphocyte (CD4) activation

27
Q

what are the two major classes of the MHC protein

A

Class I and II

28
Q

where is class I present

A

in the membranes of all nucleated cells

29
Q

what does MCH I do

A

via the endogenous pathway, these proteins pick up intracellular peptides and present them on its surface

30
Q

what happens if the cell is healthy

A

the T cells will ignore the cell

31
Q

what happens if the cytoplasm contains abnormal peptides

A

If the cytoplasm contains abnormal (non-self) peptides or viral proteins, these will be presented instead by the MHC-I proteins.

32
Q

what do these activate

A

CD8 cells

33
Q

where are Class II present

A

only in the membranes of the macrophages and dendritic cells (antigen presenting cells)

34
Q

what does MCH II do

A

via the exogenous pathway, these proteins pick up extracellular protein (antigens from engulfed bacteria) and present them on its surface

35
Q

what is this known as

A

antigen processing followed by antigen presentation

36
Q

what will the APC now do

A

travel to the lymph nodes, where they will activate CD4 cells

Semester 4 (80 decks)

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