case 4 - cancer Flashcards
what are the two classifications for cancer
familial cancers
sporadic cancers
what are the features of familial cancers
1% of all cancers
Single gene mutations (Mendelian disorders)
Most are inherited as autosomal dominant traits
Most due to inherited mutations of tumour suppressor genes
Further genetic events are necessary if the mutation is in somatic cells. Even though the mutated gene is inherited, it isn’t sufficient for malignancy
what are the features of sporadic cancers
99% of all cancers
Result of exposure to carcinogenic agents and unprepared DNA replication errors
Results in somatic activation/inactivation of cancer genes
what type of onset is familial cancer
early onset
what are the features of the cells in familial cancers
tumour cells - both copies of TSG inactivated
all other cells - one copy of TSG inactivated
what is the onset of sporadic cancers
late onset
what are the features of the cells in sproadic cancer
Tumour cells: both copies of tumour suppressor genes inactivated
All other cells: normal
what is an adenoma
cancer of the glands
what is a carcinoma
epithelial cells - 90% of all cancers
what is a lymphoma
lymphocytes or lymphatic tissue
what is a sarcoma
connective tissue
what is a blastoma
immature / pre-cursor cells - dendrites - WBCs
what is a papilloma
surface epthelial
what are the two types of cancer genomic instability
Either chromosomal instability - result of many numerical and structural abnormalities
Or microsatellite instability - result of impaired DNA mismatch repair (MMR)
what is telomerase
an enzyme that prevents the shortening of the telomere, thus preventing senescence