Case 1 - Overview of the gastrointestinal tract Flashcards
what is the oral/buccal cavity lined with
lined by oral mucosa, a thick stratified squamous epithelium that is resistant to abrasion
what does the mucosa produce
defensins to inhibit bacterial growth
what type of teeth appear in the first 6-24 months of life
deciduous teeth (n=20) appear within the first months of life
what are the deciduous teeth replaced by
gradually replaced in childhood as the permanent teeth erupt (finish by approx age 12)
what is there lots of in saliva
IgA
diagram showing the location of the different teeth
how many incisors are there and what do they do
2 - slice and cut
how many canines are there and what do they do
1 - tear and rip
how many premolars are there and what do they do
2 - grind and crush
how many molars are there and what do they do
3 - grind and crush (mostly grind)
what is the formula used by dentists for each side of the mouth
formula used to show the 32 teeth in the mouth - 2 incisors in top left, right, bottom left and right and so on
how much of saliva is water
approx 99%
what are the different glands that produce saliva
parotid, sub lingual, and sub mandibular
what lipases and amylases are in saliva
lingual lipases and alpha amylase
is saliva slightly acidic or alkaline and why
slightly acidic (pH 6.75-7) to provide reasonably optimal conditions for enzyme funciton
what act as lubricants in saliva
mucoproteins (mucin)
what is the most abundant immunoglobulin in saliva
IgA
what are included in saliva for dental repair
calcium and phosphate
what is salivation controlled by
salivatory nuclei in the medulla and pons in the brainstem
what stimulates the production of saliva with a high water content
mechanoreceptors and chemoreceptors in the mouth
what is an important feature about mechanoreceptors
they are not food specific - non food objects induce saiation
what can also induce salivation
inout from higher brain centres and lower digestive tract
what are the two intrinsic nerve plexuses
myenteric nerve plexus
submucosal nerve plexus
features of the ENS
the submucosal and myenteric plexuses are not simply nerve fibres from the CNS
they have their own neurones akin to the gut brain
the gut is influenced by the rest of the nervous system, but will function without any input from the brain or spinal cord
what does contraction of the circular smooth muscle do
squeezes the gut contents
what does contraction of the longitudinal muscle do
shortens that portion of the gut
what cells have ‘pacemaker’ activity and what does this mean/do
interstitial cells of Cajal
means that the smooth muscle layers in the gut are spontaneously active
what does loss of the cells of Cajal lead to
gut motor dysfunction disorders
how long is the oesophagus
25cm
what does the submucosa contain
blood vessels, lymphatics, nerves, lymphoid tissue and mucus glands
what is the oesophagus lined with
stratified squamous epithelium to resist abrasion
what kind of muscle is found in the oesophagus
in the first third (voluntary) it is skeletal muscle
in the last third (involuntary) it is smooth muscle
the middle third is mixed
what is the outer layer mostly made up of
adventita
what is the last part beyond the diaphragm covered with
serosa