Cardiovascular Flashcards
What is atherosclerosis?
Artery disease caused by fatty material on the inside walls
What is a thrombus formation?
Blood clot (occlusion of blood supply) which leads to infarction then death
How to define reduced blood supply to the heart?
ischaemia
What are the 5 risk factors to atherosclerosis?
Smoking High cholesterol Hypertension (HBP= systolic >160, / diastolic=>90) Diabetes Genes
What are the symptoms of acute peripheral vascular disease? (4)
Ischaemic pain
Numb limb
Cold
Pain at rest
How to deal with acute atherosclerosis?
9999
What the symptoms of chronic peripheral vascular disease?
Intermittent claudication- Pain when walking a long distance
Management of atherosclerosis?
Lifestyle changes
Exercise
Surgery
Abdominal aortic aneurysm- what is it?
Dilated aorta from atherosclerosis
What is angina?
Lack of blood to the heart due to narrowing of conorary arteries
What are the symptoms of angina?
Visceral pain
Central chest pain travelling down arm, jaw, shoulders
What drugs may someone be on if they have angina?
GTN spray Statins for cholesterol B blockers- Bisoprolol Amlodipine - CC blocker Aspirin (+-) clopidogrel Nicorandil- be careful. Ulceration- taken straight off it
What to do if unstable angina attack?
Oxygen, GTN, 999, Letter
what are the symptoms of a heart attack? (5)
Crushing chest pain Impending doom LOC Sweating Cold
How to manage a heart attack?
Give O2 Nitrates to open the arteries 999 Don't lie flat ABC if LOC Aspirin 300mg
What are ACE inhibitors used to treat?
High Blood Pressure
Why should you avoid NSAIDS?
It can cause odeama
Unstable heart condition?
Avoid treatment
What can cause valvular heart disease?
Genetics
Infective endocarditis
Age related
(often mitral/aortic valves)
What are the 2 types of valvular heart disease?
- Regurgitation ( floppy valves & leads to leaky heart)
2. Stenosis (narrowing of the valve- leads to inadequate flow and pump failure)
Treatment of valvular heart disease?
Medication
Surgery (valve replacement/ stent)
Once a patient has had a stent what medication might they be on?
Warfarin to thin the blood as the blood cannot stick to the stent
What is the INR levels for someone with metal valves?
Usually >3
What is there a risk of if someone has had valvular heart surgery?
Infective endocarditis
Even toothbrushing can cause infection
Perfect OH must maintain
What is infective endocarditis?
Diseased valves due to bacteraemia
What are the dental aspects for infective endocarditis?
Maintain good OH
Good preventative treatment (fluoride, CHX)
Avoid surgery
What is the beats per minute for a heart rate too fast and too slow?
>100 = too fast <60 = too slow
What are the symptoms of cardiac arrhythmias?
Nil
Palpitations
Syncope
Chest pain
What drugs control atrial fibrillation??
Digoxin
Atropine
Anticoagulants if no contra indications
When is superventricular tachycardia a worry?
With Wolf-parkinson white (cardiac arrest)
Give carotid sinus massage
Ventricular arrhythmia?
Emergency
Ventricular fibrillation?
Cardiac arrest
With cardiac patients, what La should be used?
Prilocaine with octapressin
What is Bupropion?
Aids smoking cessation
What side effects can Bupropion have?
Dry mouth
Taste disturbance
What are statins used for?
High Cholesterol
How long after an MI should you not treat someone?
Don’t treat till after 1 month post MI
