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Cardiology Flashcards

1
Q

What information does cardiac cathaterisation give you?

A

Establishes pressures and oxygen saturations in each of the 4 chambers of the heart + major blood vessels

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2
Q

What types of CHD shunts are acyanoitic?

A

Left > Right

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3
Q

What CHD cause L>R shunting?

A

ASD
VSD
PDA
Partial atrio-ventricular septal defect

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4
Q

What CHD cause R>L shunting

A

Tetralogy of Fallot
Transposition of Great Arteries
Eisenmenger Syndrome
Complete atrioventriuclar septal defect
Tricuspid Atrasia

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5
Q

What murmur does ASD classically present with ?

A

Ejection systolic murmur at upper left sternal edge +/- fixed-split second heart sound

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6
Q

What murmur does VSD classically present with ?

A

Pansysolic murmur at lower left sternal edge

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7
Q

What murmur does Tetralogy of Fallot classically present with ?

A

LOUD/HARSH systolic murmur lower left sternal edge

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8
Q

What ECG change may you see with ASD?

A

Incomplete R bundle branch block +/- R ventricular hypertrophy

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9
Q

What are the components of tetralogy of fallot and why is it cyanotic?

A

VSD, sub-pulmonary stenosis, overriding aorta, R ventricular hypertrophy
The pulmonary stenosis forces blood R>L via VSD

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10
Q

What murmur does PDA classically present with?

A

Systolic/ continuous machinery type murmur at upper left sternal edge

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11
Q

What is classic CXR change for Tetralogy of Fallot?

A

Boot-shaped heart outline

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12
Q

What are the components of Transposition of Great Arteries and why is it cyanotic?

A

Aorta and coronary arteries arives from R ventricle and pulmonary artery arises from the L ventricle

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13
Q

What are the features of Eisenmenger Syndrome?

A

Untreated L>R shunt casuing to pulmonary hypertension. Eventually pulmonary artery resistance > systemic BP and shunt then becomes R>L

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14
Q

How are duct dependent lesions treated?

A

Prostaglandin infusions
+/- balloon atrial septoplasty

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15
Q

How is severe ASD treated?

A

Closure via cardiac catheterisation at 3 years of age

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16
Q

How is partial atrio-ventricular septal defect treated?

A

Open heart surgery at 3 years to close defect and repair leaking AV valve

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17
Q

How is VSD surgically treated?

A

Cardiopulmonary bypass when > 4kg in weight

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18
Q

How is PDA surgically corrected?

A

Catheter inserted PDA closure device at 1 year of age and > 5kg

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19
Q

How is tetralogy of fallot treated?

A

Cardiopulmonary bypass when > 4kg in weight

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20
Q

How is Transposition of Great Arteries treated?

A

Keep duct open
Open heart surgery, atrial switch operation at 5-7 days of life.

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21
Q

What murmur does Pulmonary stenosis present with?

A

Ejection systolic murmur, upper left sternal edge

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22
Q

What murmur does Aortic stenosis present with ?

A

Ejection systolic murmur upper right sternal edge

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23
Q

How are aortic/pulmonary artery stenosis surgically corrected?

A

Balloon dilatation via cardiac catheter

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24
Q

Describe a vascular ring and how it presents

A

Rare congenital abnormality where aortic arch forms a sling around trachea and/or oesophagus. Presented with signs of tracheal/ oesophageal compression.

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25
What are CXR findings in non-neonatal presentation of coarctation of aorta?
Rib-notching and cardiomegally
26
What murmur can you hear in mirtal region?
Pansystolic- Mitral regurgitation Diastolic- Mitral stenosis
27
What murmur can you hear in lower left sternal region?
Pansystolic - Tricuspid regurgitation Diastolic- Tricuspid stenosis
28
What murmurs can be heard at upper left sternal edge?
Ejection systolic - Pulmonary stenosis Diastolic- Aortic regurgitation, pulmonary regurgitation
29
What are features of 'innocent' murmurs
Soft, systolic, left sternal edge, no radiation and asymptomatic
30
What is normal O2 saturation of RIGHT side of heart?
75%
31
Describe ECG changes in Wolff-Parkinson White Syndrome
PR interval <0.12s Slurred upstroke QRS in lead II- delta wave
32
What common cardiac medication is contraindicated in Wolff-Parkinson White Syndrome?
Digoxin
33
What are the diagnositc criteria for rheumatic fever (Duckett Jones)?
History/evidence of recent GAS infection + x2 major or x1 major and x2 minor Major: Carditis, polyarthritis, erythema marginatum, sub-cutaneous nodules Minor: Fever, arthralgia, 1st degree heart block, rasied acute phase reactant
34
What is treatment for Rheumatic Fever?
Aspirin
35
Describe features and inheritance of Hypertrophic Obstructive Cardiomyopathy
A.D. Dysponea, angina, syncope arrhythmia and HF symptoms.
36
What conditions is hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy associated with?
Friedrich's ataxia Wolff-Parkinson White Syndrome
37
What are the commonest pathogens causing infective endocarditis?
Staph aureus and Strep Viridans
38
What are the ECG features of hypokalaemia?
Flat T-wave ST depression U-waves
39
What are the ECG features of hyperkalaemia?
Tall T-waves wide QRS
40
What CHD is associated with Marfans?
Mitral valve prolapse/ regurgitation Aortic regurgitation Aortic root dilatation
41
What condition is assocated with coarcation of the arota?
turner's syndrome
42
What condition is associated with pulmonary artery stenosis
Noonan syndrome
43
What CHD is associated with Downs syndrome?
VSD, AVSD, pulmonary hypertension
44
Preterm chronic lung disease can dispose to what CHD?
Pulmonary hypertension PDA
45
What maternal disease is associated with heart block in neonates?
SLE Anti-ro antibodies cross placental barrier
46
What is the common long term cardiac side effect of rheumatic fever and what does it sound like?
Mitral valve stenosis Diostolic murmur in mitral zone
47
What is the surgical treatment for hypoplastic left heart?
Norwood procedure Blalock-taussig shunt insertion
48
What is the first line treatment for pericarditis?
800mg Ibuprofen
49
What is Ebtein's anomaly?
CHD, downward displacement of tricuspid valve leafelts, R atrial hypertrophy
50
What is hypoplastic left heart syndrome?
Absent/ very small left heart/ventricle. Presents in first week of life with cyanosis
51
How does Ebstein's anomaly present + what murmur would you hear with it??
Clasically presents in older child/teenager, with palpatations, cyanosis, clubbing Systolic mumur lower left sternal edge + multiple clicks left sternal border
52
What are congenital long- QT syndromes?
Romano-Ward Syndrome Jervell-Lange-Nielsen Syndrome - a/w deafness
53
Describe Tricuspid atrasia
Tricuspid valve not there. Therefore blood cannot go from R atrium to R ventricle. Blood has to move through intratrial connection.
54
What are the features of tricuspid atrasia ?
Cyanoisis from birth Hyperdynamic apex Pansystolic murmur Left sternal border
55
What congenital heart abnormality would you associate with using Lithium?
Ebstein's anomaly
56
What is the normal pressure of the pulmonary artery?
8-20 mmHg
57
What is the normal systolic pressure of the right ventricle?
20-30mmHg
58
What are the ECG changes for hypocalcaemia?
Prolonged QTc
59
Describe Mobitz type 1 heart block
Progressive prolongation of the PR interval culminating in a non-conducted P wave:
60
Decribe Mobitz type 2 heart block
A form of 2nd degree AV block in which there is intermittent non-conducted P waves without progressive prolongation of the PR interval
61
Describe complete heart block
No relationship between the conduction of the SA node and the ventricles contracting. No relation between P wave and QRS complex
62
Describe 1st degree heart block
Bradycardia and prolonged PR interval
63
From what germ layer does the heart develop and when does it start beating?
Mesoderm Day 22 of gestation
64
What is the murmur for ASD and why this sound?
left sternal edge. ejection systolic. Due to turbulent bood flow over pulmonary valve

AKP (25 decks)

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