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AKP > Cardiology > Flashcards

Cardiology Flashcards

1
Q

What information does cardiac cathaterisation give you?

A

Establishes pressures and oxygen saturations in each of the 4 chambers of the heart + major blood vessels

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2
Q

What types of CHD shunts are acyanoitic?

A

Left > Right

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3
Q

What CHD cause L>R shunting?

A

ASD
VSD
PDA
Partial atrio-ventricular septal defect

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4
Q

What CHD cause R>L shunting

A

Tetralogy of Fallot
Transposition of Great Arteries
Eisenmenger Syndrome
Complete atrioventriuclar septal defect
Tricuspid Atrasia

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5
Q

What murmur does ASD classically present with ?

A

Ejection systolic murmur at upper left sternal edge +/- fixed-split second heart sound

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6
Q

What murmur does VSD classically present with ?

A

Pansysolic murmur at lower left sternal edge

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7
Q

What murmur does Tetralogy of Fallot classically present with ?

A

LOUD/HARSH systolic murmur lower left sternal edge

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8
Q

What ECG change may you see with ASD?

A

Incomplete R bundle branch block +/- R ventricular hypertrophy

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9
Q

What are the components of tetralogy of fallot and why is it cyanotic?

A

VSD, sub-pulmonary stenosis, overriding aorta, R ventricular hypertrophy
The pulmonary stenosis forces blood R>L via VSD

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10
Q

What murmur does PDA classically present with?

A

Systolic/ continuous machinery type murmur at upper left sternal edge

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11
Q

What is classic CXR change for Tetralogy of Fallot?

A

Boot-shaped heart outline

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12
Q

What are the components of Transposition of Great Arteries and why is it cyanotic?

A

Aorta and coronary arteries arives from R ventricle and pulmonary artery arises from the L ventricle

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13
Q

What are the features of Eisenmenger Syndrome?

A

Untreated L>R shunt casuing to pulmonary hypertension. Eventually pulmonary artery resistance > systemic BP and shunt then becomes R>L

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14
Q

How are duct dependent lesions treated?

A

Prostaglandin infusions
+/- balloon atrial septoplasty

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15
Q

How is severe ASD treated?

A

Closure via cardiac catheterisation at 3 years of age

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16
Q

How is partial atrio-ventricular septal defect treated?

A

Open heart surgery at 3 years to close defect and repair leaking AV valve

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17
Q

How is VSD surgically treated?

A

Cardiopulmonary bypass when > 4kg in weight

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18
Q

How is PDA surgically corrected?

A

Catheter inserted PDA closure device at 1 year of age and > 5kg

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19
Q

How is tetralogy of fallot treated?

A

Cardiopulmonary bypass when > 4kg in weight

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20
Q

How is Transposition of Great Arteries treated?

A

Keep duct open
Open heart surgery, atrial switch operation at 5-7 days of life.

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21
Q

What murmur does Pulmonary stenosis present with?

A

Ejection systolic murmur, upper left sternal edge

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22
Q

What murmur does Aortic stenosis present with ?

A

Ejection systolic murmur upper right sternal edge

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23
Q

How are aortic/pulmonary artery stenosis surgically corrected?

A

Balloon dilatation via cardiac catheter

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24
Q

Describe a vascular ring and how it presents

A

Rare congenital abnormality where aortic arch forms a sling around trachea and/or oesophagus. Presented with signs of tracheal/ oesophageal compression.

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25
Q

What are CXR findings in non-neonatal presentation of coarctation of aorta?

A

Rib-notching and cardiomegally

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26
Q

What murmur can you hear in mirtal region?

A

Pansystolic- Mitral regurgitation
Diastolic- Mitral stenosis

27
Q

What murmur can you hear in lower left sternal region?

A

Pansystolic - Tricuspid regurgitation
Diastolic- Tricuspid stenosis

28
Q

What murmurs can be heard at upper left sternal edge?

A

Ejection systolic - Pulmonary stenosis
Diastolic- Aortic regurgitation, pulmonary regurgitation

29
Q

What are features of ‘innocent’ murmurs

A

Soft, systolic, left sternal edge, no radiation and asymptomatic

30
Q

What is normal O2 saturation of RIGHT side of heart?

A

75%

31
Q

Describe ECG changes in Wolff-Parkinson White Syndrome

A

PR interval <0.12s
Slurred upstroke QRS in lead II- delta wave

32
Q

What common cardiac medication is contraindicated in Wolff-Parkinson White Syndrome?

A

Digoxin

33
Q

What are the diagnositc criteria for rheumatic fever (Duckett Jones)?

A

History/evidence of recent GAS infection + x2 major or x1 major and x2 minor
Major: Carditis, polyarthritis, erythema marginatum, sub-cutaneous nodules
Minor: Fever, arthralgia, 1st degree heart block, rasied acute phase reactant

34
Q

What is treatment for Rheumatic Fever?

A

Aspirin

35
Q

Describe features and inheritance of Hypertrophic Obstructive Cardiomyopathy

A

A.D.
Dysponea, angina, syncope arrhythmia and HF symptoms.

36
Q

What conditions is hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy associated with?

A

Friedrich’s ataxia
Wolff-Parkinson White Syndrome

37
Q

What are the commonest pathogens causing infective endocarditis?

A

Staph aureus and Strep Viridans

38
Q

What are the ECG features of hypokalaemia?

A

Flat T-wave
ST depression
U-waves

39
Q

What are the ECG features of hyperkalaemia?

A

Tall T-waves
wide QRS

40
Q

What CHD is associated with Marfans?

A

Mitral valve prolapse/ regurgitation
Aortic regurgitation
Aortic root dilatation

41
Q

What condition is assocated with coarcation of the arota?

A

turner’s syndrome

42
Q

What condition is associated with pulmonary artery stenosis

A

Noonan syndrome

43
Q

What CHD is associated with Downs syndrome?

A

VSD, AVSD, pulmonary hypertension

44
Q

Preterm chronic lung disease can dispose to what CHD?

A

Pulmonary hypertension
PDA

45
Q

What maternal disease is associated with heart block in neonates?

A

SLE
Anti-ro antibodies cross placental barrier

46
Q

What is the common long term cardiac side effect of rheumatic fever and what does it sound like?

A

Mitral valve stenosis
Diostolic murmur in mitral zone

47
Q

What is the surgical treatment for hypoplastic left heart?

A

Norwood procedure
Blalock-taussig shunt insertion

48
Q

What is the first line treatment for pericarditis?

A

800mg Ibuprofen

49
Q

What is Ebtein’s anomaly?

A

CHD, downward displacement of tricuspid valve leafelts, R atrial hypertrophy

50
Q

What is hypoplastic left heart syndrome?

A

Absent/ very small left heart/ventricle.
Presents in first week of life with cyanosis

51
Q

How does Ebstein’s anomaly present + what murmur would you hear with it??

A

Clasically presents in older child/teenager, with palpatations, cyanosis, clubbing
Systolic mumur lower left sternal edge + multiple clicks left sternal border

52
Q

What are congenital long- QT syndromes?

A

Romano-Ward Syndrome
Jervell-Lange-Nielsen Syndrome - a/w deafness

53
Q

Describe Tricuspid atrasia

A

Tricuspid valve not there. Therefore blood cannot go from R atrium to R ventricle. Blood has to move through intratrial connection.

54
Q

What are the features of tricuspid atrasia ?

A

Cyanoisis from birth
Hyperdynamic apex
Pansystolic murmur Left sternal border

55
Q

What congenital heart abnormality would you associate with using Lithium?

A

Ebstein’s anomaly

56
Q

What is the normal pressure of the pulmonary artery?

A

8-20 mmHg

57
Q

What is the normal systolic pressure of the right ventricle?

A

20-30mmHg

58
Q

What are the ECG changes for hypocalcaemia?

A

Prolonged QTc

59
Q

Describe Mobitz type 1 heart block

A

Progressive prolongation of the PR interval culminating in a non-conducted P wave:

60
Q

Decribe Mobitz type 2 heart block

A

A form of 2nd degree AV block in which there is intermittent non-conducted P waves without progressive prolongation of the PR interval

61
Q

Describe complete heart block

A

No relationship between the conduction of the SA node and the ventricles contracting. No relation between P wave and QRS complex

62
Q

Describe 1st degree heart block

A

Bradycardia and prolonged PR interval

63
Q

From what germ layer does the heart develop and when does it start beating?

A

Mesoderm
Day 22 of gestation

64
Q

What is the murmur for ASD and why this sound?

A

left sternal edge. ejection systolic. Due to turbulent bood flow over pulmonary valve

AKP (25 decks)

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