Cardiac Failure Flashcards
What is cardiac failure?
cardiac output is insufficient for body’s needs
usual cause of cardiac failure?
reduced systolic function
what does reduced systolic function lead to?
low ejection fraction
Cardiac output is determined by?
preload
heart rate
Contractility
afterload
Direction of hydrostatic?
out of capillary
direction of osmotic?
into capillary
Four causes of edema?
Increased venous pressure,
decreased osmotic pressure,
blocked lymphatics,
increased permeability
What causes increased cap permeability?
infection
what causes blocked lymphatics?
cancer
what causes Increased venous pressure,
heart failure
what causes decreased osmotic pressure,
plasma protein loss
increased Left Atrial venous pressure leads to?
pulmonary oedema
increased Right atrial venous pressure leads to?
peripheral oedema
Renin-Angiotensin-aldosterone system does what?
Na+ retention
K+loss
vasoconstriction
overall fluid retention to maintain cardiac output
what Is the role of the sympathetic nervous system in cardiac failure?
increased noradrenaline, long term is bad
4 causes of shortness of breath?
Cardiac
Respiratory
Anaemia
Poor Fitness
on examination, what’s a big sign that it’s cardiac failure?
increase JVP
what causes Cor Pulmonale?
Heart Failure due to Lung Disease: COPD, CF, pulmonary fibrosis, PE
What is the ejection fractions for left heart failure?
40-50% = mild 30-40% = moderate <30% = severe
if normal systolic ejection fraction but still has SOB?
diastolic heart failure,
poor compliance of ventricle
3 examples of cardiac failure due to incrsed body needs?
thyrotoxicosis
anaemia
fistulae
how come high arterial pressures don’t cause oedema?
cause of step down of pressures to arterioles/metarterioles
List the causes of congestive heart failure/CCF?
MADHATTERR MI Anaemia Diabetes hypertension Arrythmia thyrotoxicosis Temperature Emboli Renal Regular Drugs
2 kinds of pericardial disease?
- pericardial tamponade
2. pericardial constriction
how do you get cor pulmonale?
long standing pulmonary fibrosis, CF, COPD, astha
what 3 causes a stiff ventricle/diastolic heart failure?
- infact scar
- chronic hypertension
- ventricular hypertrophy
