Cardiac Failure

Question 1

What is cardiac failure?

Answer 1

cardiac output is insufficient for body’s needs

Question 2

usual cause of cardiac failure?

Answer 2

reduced systolic function

Question 3

what does reduced systolic function lead to?

Answer 3

low ejection fraction

Question 4

Cardiac output is determined by?

Answer 4

preload
heart rate
Contractility
afterload

Question 5

Direction of hydrostatic?

Answer 5

out of capillary

Question 6

direction of osmotic?

Answer 6

into capillary

Question 7

Four causes of edema?

Answer 7

Increased venous pressure,
decreased osmotic pressure,
blocked lymphatics,
increased permeability

Question 8

What causes increased cap permeability?

Answer 8

infection

Question 9

what causes blocked lymphatics?

Answer 9

cancer

Question 10

what causes Increased venous pressure,

Answer 10

heart failure

Question 11

what causes decreased osmotic pressure,

Answer 11

plasma protein loss

Question 12

increased Left Atrial venous pressure leads to?

Answer 12

pulmonary oedema

Question 13

increased Right atrial venous pressure leads to?

Answer 13

peripheral oedema

Question 14

Renin-Angiotensin-aldosterone system does what?

Answer 14

Na+ retention
K+loss
vasoconstriction
overall fluid retention to maintain cardiac output

Question 15

what Is the role of the sympathetic nervous system in cardiac failure?

Answer 15

increased noradrenaline, long term is bad

Question 16

4 causes of shortness of breath?

Answer 16

Cardiac
Respiratory
Anaemia
Poor Fitness

Question 17

on examination, what’s a big sign that it’s cardiac failure?

Answer 17

increase JVP

Question 18

what causes Cor Pulmonale?

Answer 18

Heart Failure due to Lung Disease: COPD, CF, pulmonary fibrosis, PE

Question 19

What is the ejection fractions for left heart failure?

Answer 19

40-50% = mild
30-40% = moderate
<30% = severe

Question 20

if normal systolic ejection fraction but still has SOB?

Answer 20

diastolic heart failure,

poor compliance of ventricle

Question 21

3 examples of cardiac failure due to incrsed body needs?

Answer 21

thyrotoxicosis
anaemia
fistulae

Question 22

how come high arterial pressures don’t cause oedema?

Answer 22

cause of step down of pressures to arterioles/metarterioles

Question 23

List the causes of congestive heart failure/CCF?

Answer 23

MADHATTERR
MI
Anaemia
Diabetes
hypertension
Arrythmia
thyrotoxicosis
Temperature
Emboli
Renal
Regular Drugs

Question 24

2 kinds of pericardial disease?

Answer 24

1. pericardial tamponade

2. pericardial constriction

Question 25

how do you get cor pulmonale?

Answer 25

long standing pulmonary fibrosis, CF, COPD, astha

Question 26

what 3 causes a stiff ventricle/diastolic heart failure?

Answer 26

1. infact scar
2. chronic hypertension
3. ventricular hypertrophy