Cardiac Embryology Flashcards
vessel that carries oxygen from placenta to fetus
umbilical VEIN
vessel with highest oxygen level in the fetus
IVC
R ventricle developing on R side of heart whereas L ventricle develops on L side of heart
dextral looping
abnormal; R ventricle developing on L side of heart and L ventricle on R side
Levo looping
3 main tissues involved in atrial septation
septum primum
septum secundum
endocardial cushion
endocardial cushion gives rise to what 4 things
mitral valve
tricuspid valve
part of atrial septum
part of ventricular septum
in fetus, blood flows from R atrium to L atrium through what that is made by holes in septum primum and secundum
foramen ovale
heart is formed from
mesoderm
what specific mesodermal cells is the heart formed from
lateral splanchnic mesodermal cells
3 main layers formed in development of heart
endocardium
cardiac jelly
myocardium
gives rise to valves and inner lining of heart
endocardium
muscular layer on outside of heart
myocardium
gelatinous CT outside of endocardium
cardiac jelly
aortic arches (name them top to bottom)
Truncus arteriosus
Bulbus cordis
primitive ventricle
primitive atrium
sinus venosus
part of primitive heart tube swelling that gives rise to aortic and pulmonic arteries
truncus arteriosus
Bulbis cordis gives rise to what
Right ventricle
gives rise to Left ventricle mainly
primitive ventricle
gives rise to R and L atria
Primitive atrium
gives rise to part of R atrium, SA node, and coronary sinus
Sinus venosus
apex of heart migrates to R hemithorax
dextrocardia
apex of heart migrates to L hemithorax
levocardia
failure of septation can lead to endocardial cushion/AV canal defects and is associated with ____
Down Syndrome
1st wall formed during atrial septation
septum primum
1st hole formed during atrial septation
ostium primum
membranous portion of atrial septum
septum primum
how does ostium secundum (2nd hole) arise
apoptosis (but 1st hole doesn’t close until the 2nd is made)
2nd wall of atrial septum formed
septum secundum
muscular portion of atrial septum
septum secundum
upper portion of septum primum resorbs and the remaining bottom half turns into what
flap of foramen ovale!!!
flap of foramen ovale covers what during fetal development
patent foramen ovale (PFO)
patent foramen ovale (PFO) is there during fetal development, but then does what after birth
it normally closes on its own (problems arise when it doesn’t)
directs oxygen-rich blood from the inferior vena cava toward the foramen ovale and away from the tricuspid valve during fetal development.
Eustachian Valve
blood flows from _____ to -______ with the help of Eustachian valve and foramen ovale during fetal development
R to L atrium
most common atrial septum issues deal with what
septum primum
this atrial septum defect (ASD) is due to excessive resorption of septum primum
Secundum ASD
this atrial septum defect deals with defect in fusion of septum primum w/ endocardial cushion
Primum ASD
3 parts that make up complete AV canal defect
inlet VSD (ventricular septum defect)
common AV valve
primum ASD (atrial septum defect)
complete AV canal defect is associated with what
Down Syndrome
myocardial cells form what part of ventricular septum and stop short of endocardial cushion
muscular part
tissue from bulbar ridges of bulbis cordis fuses w/ endocardial tissue and muscular part of ventricular septum forming what
membranous ventricular septum
most common ventricular septal defect (VSD)
perimembranous
Inlet or Canal-type ventricular septal defects (VSD) is associated with what
Down Syndrome
when heart muscle stays spongy and never compacts into thinner layer of dense muscle
noncompaction
develop from neural crest cells in BC and TA and fuse in midline and spiral
bulbar ridges
which great artery is anterior and which one is posterior
Pulmonary- anterior
Aorta-posterior
happens due to anterior malalignment of infundibular/conal septum (area just below pulmonary valve- outflow tract)
Tetralogy of Fallot w/ pulmonary valve stenosis
Conotruncal defects (truncus arteriosus) involving outflow tracts & great arteries are commonly seen with
DiGeorge Syndrome
triad of thymic hypoplasia, hypocalcemia, cardiac malfunctions, 22q11 deletion
DiGeorge Syndrome
AV valves evolve from what
endocardial cushion
what must happen so the valves end up functioning properly (beautifully)
apoptosis of subvalvar tissue
issue that results in one undivided AV valve
complete AV canal
R valve never develops; so patient dependent on having ASD (atrial septum defect) to get blood to L side
tricuspid atresia
AV valve issue associated with lithium use
Ebstein’s anomaly of the tricuspid valve
semilunar valve issues dealing with pulmonary and aortic atresias rely on what to maintain life
PDA (patent ductus arteriosus)
persistent opening b/t the aortic artery and pulmonic artery of heart
patent ductus arteriosus
workhorse of fetus heart
R ventricle
workhorse of adult heart
L ventricle
in the fetus, oxygenated blood goes from umbilical vein to ______ (bypasses liver) then to RA
ductus venosus
in the fetus, deoxygenated blood goes from pulmonary arteries to ______ (bypasses lungs)
ductus arteriosus
path in fetus that has highest oxygen levels:
UV to DV to IVC
do NOT take what while pregnant b/c can close ductus arteriosus (and kill baby)
NSAIDs
hormone that keeps ductus arteriosus open
prostaglandin
what decreases prostaglandin production and ultimately closes ductus arteriosus
breathing
A 25 year old female never received any childhood vaccinations and contracts Rubella. The following week she learns that she is 5 weeks pregnant. What is the most likely congenital heart defect (CHD)?
Patent Ductus Arteriosus
