cancer 1 Flashcards
what are 3 characteristics of cancer and there definitions?
- clonality - all tumors are clones from a genetically damaged cell
- autonomy - cancer cells are independent from normal cellular controls
- anaplasia - loss of differentiation and organization (without form)
what are the characteristics a benign tumor
- grow slowly
- well defined capsule
- noninvasive
- differentiated
- low mitotic index
- do not metastasize
what are the characteristics a malignant tumor
- grow rapidly
- not encapsulated
- invasive
- poorly differentiated
- high mitotic index
- metastasize
what are the stages of carcinogenesis
- initiation
- promotion
- conversion
- conversion/transformation
- progression
what is initiation phase of carcinogenesis
exposure of normal cells to carinogenic substance leads to genetic damage that results in IRREVERSIBLE cellular mutations
what is the only stage of carcinogenesis that is reversible
promotion
what is the promotion phase of carcinogenesis
altered environment that favors growth of mutated cells
at what stage of carcinogenesis does a mutated cell become cancerous
conversion/ transformation
at what stage of carcinogenesis does a mutated cell become cancerous
conversion/ transformation
list the classes of initiators and promoters of cancer
- chemical agents
- infectious agents
- environmental agents
- lifestyle
- genetics
what are the 6 hallmarks of carcinogenesis
- self sufficiency in growth signals
- Insensitivity to negative signals
- Evasion of apoptosis
- Limitless proliferative capacity
- sustained angiogenesis
- Tumor Invasion and metastasis
what cells inhibit inappropriate cell growth and proliferation
Tumor Suppressor Genes (TSG)
what is apoptosis
programmed cell death
what is the term for cell aging
senescence
what is the term for growth of new vessels
angiogenesis
