Bovine

Question 1

What happens if you give an 8 month pregnant cow anti-inflammatory corticosteroids systemically?

Answer 1

Can lead to premature birth because cows are susceptible to corticosteroid induced parturition

Question 2

What should you feel on palpation of a cow if the cow has a macerated fetus and no signs of pregnancy?

Answer 2

Crepitus

Question 3

What are characteristics of an LDA?

Answer 3

Hear a ping on the left side with variable pitch using stimultaneous auscultation and percussion from the last rib and diagonally downward to the 8th rib. It is most commonly seen right after parturition.

Question 4

What is hardware disease?

Answer 4

CS - stiff gait or xiphoid pain will be present

Question 5

What is right displaced abomasum?

Answer 5

Much less common than LDA, would be on the right side of

Question 6

Where would you hear free gas in the rumen of a cow?

Answer 6

From the hip to the 8th rib and be a monotone ping.

Question 7

What is the most common congential heart defect in large animals?

Answer 7

Ventricular septal defect

Question 8

Where does Gossypol come from and what toxicity does it cause?

Answer 8

Natural constituent in cotton, acts as an insecticide and protects the plant. The polyphenol binds to iron in cell constituents. It may cause kidney damage, inhibit dehydrogenase enzymes, and uncouple phosphorylation in the cell.

Question 9

What vaccine is currently used in Brucella vaccination in cows?

Answer 9

Rb51, only young heifers are vaccinated, brucella is reportable!

Question 10

What are the main vectors of Moraxella bovis?

Answer 10

Flies are the main vectors for pink eye (Moraxella bovis), the face fly (Musca autumnalis) being the most implicated vectors.

Question 11

Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis ophthalmic lesions are caused by what virus?

Answer 11

Bovine Herpes Virus 1 - it affects the trigenimal ganglia and becomes latent, when animal is immunosuppressed the virus replicates and causes disease.

Question 12

How long does it take for a cows uterus to return to its normal size? How long to complete histologic repair?

Answer 12

25-30 days for uterus to go back to normal
Up to 50 days for histologic repair

Question 13

What is calf diphtheria?

Answer 13

Also called necrotic laryngitis - caused by Fusobacterium necrophorum. CS - seen between 3-18 months of age. Signs are acute, moist painful cough, loud inspiratory stridor, head and neck extended, swelling around the larynx and ozena, episcleral injection. Palpation of the larynx easily elicits a cough with pain and increased stridor.

Question 14

What are the classical signs of Traumatic pericarditis?

Answer 14

Muffled heart sounds, splashing sounds, and brisket edema

Question 15

Most commonly affected digits in dairy cattle?

Answer 15

Lateral rear digits

Question 16

What medication has the shortest meat withdrawal time in beef cattle?

Answer 16

Ceftiofur sodium

Question 17

What is spastic paresis? (Elso heel)

Answer 17

Hereditary disease which produces a continuous stiffness of the hocks. It can be bilateral or unilateral. Affected animals should not be bred. TX - tibial neurectomy or gastrocnemius tenectomy.

Question 18

What is perilla mint toxicity?

Answer 18

Results in a pneumotoxicant that causes atypical pneumonia and high mortality

Question 19

What is myophosphorylase deficiency?

Answer 19

Genetic disease in Charolais cattle. Born with a deficiency in the enzyme phosphorylase.

Question 20

What is acute oak toxicosis?

Question 21

What is the most common viral cause and bacterial pathogen of calf diarrhea?

Answer 21

Rotavirus and E.Coli

Question 22

What is Bovine leukemia virus or leukosis? CS? What does it most commonly cause?

Answer 22

Most commonly cause of lymphosarcoma.
CS - weight loss, peripheral lymphadenopathy, decreased milk production (but CS depend on the organ involved)
WILL NOT CAUSE ORAL ULCERATION

Question 23

What is milk fever in cows? CS? What leads to these signs?

Answer 23

Also known as hypocalcemia, usually post-partum
CS - recently freshened, weak, increased HR, no rumen motility, uterine lochia is red and mucoid, decreased temp.
Signs from weakness in cardiac, skeletal, and smooth muscle

Question 24

What is the most effective treatment for nitrate poisoning in cows?

Answer 24

Methylene blue

Question 25

What does nitrate toxicity cause?

Answer 25

Causes methemoglobinemia - blood appears chocolate brown
Oxygen carrying capacity is greatly reduced

Question 26

What phosphorus levels would most likely result in hemolysis?

Answer 26

Less than 2.0 mg/dl

Question 27

Which toxicities cause methemoglobinemia?

Answer 27

Copper, onion, nitrate

Question 28

What is Johne’s disease caused by? CS?
DX?

Answer 28

Also known as paratuberculosis, caused by Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis
CS - granulomatous ileitis and colitis, diarrhea usually, extremely rapid weight loss
DX - serum ELISA

Question 29

What does ringworm look like in bovines? Agent? DX?

Answer 29

Multifocal several centimeter skin lesions primarily around the head and neck grayish in color. Lesions are superficial, dry, scaly and not pruritic. Underlying skin is not thickened and cows are normal otherwise.
Dx - microscopic examination of a hair/skin scraping from the edge of the lesions or dermatophyte culture
Agent - Dx will likely reveal Trichophyton spp.
Tx - can regress on its own in months but can be zoonotic so use bleach, lime sulfur, chlorhexidine, natamycin, etc/

Question 30

What does mycoplasma bovis cause in young dairy cows? How is it transmitted?

Answer 30

Can cause otitis media with aural discharge, head tilt, nystagmus, ataxia, and facial nerve paralysis.
Can also cause respiratory disease, arthritis, and tenosynovitis in older calves.
Can also cause mastitis, abortion etc.
Transmitted via milk to young calves

Question 31

What is digital dermatitis? CS? TX?

Answer 31

CS: lesions on the plantar aspect of the hind foot, immediately proximal to the heel bulb, adjacent to or extending into the interdigital space. Lesions are confined to the digital skin. Some lesion surface may have filiform papillae and foul odor.
TX: Tetracyclines or lincomycin
Only managed, cannot be cured, repeat TX every 45-60 days

Question 32

What causes CS due to ingestion of moldy sweet potatoes?

Answer 32

Caused by 4-ipomeanol which is a pneumotoxic (toxic to pulmonary tissues) compound produced by fungus Fusarium solani
CS - Tachypnea, Dyspnea, grunting, frothing at the mouth, deep cough, respiratory distress. Lungs are wet, firm, and fail to collapse. Lobes are dark red, firm with hemorrhages, edema, emphysema and bullae throughout the interstital pneumonia. Some may die.

Question 33

What is acute bovine pulmonary edema and emphysema (ABPE) caused by?

Answer 33

Caused by conversion of ingested L-tryptophan in lush pastures to pneumotoxic 3-methylindole

Question 34

How do you treat mild clinical mastitis?

Answer 34

Intramammary infusion of pirlimycin in affected cow and stripping affect quarter several times a day

Question 35

What is one of the most common causes of pericarditis in cows?

Answer 35

TRP - traumatic reticuloperitonitis
Cows ingest wires which can perforate the reticulum and migrate to pericardium and cause infection

Question 36

Which larvae travels outside the GI tract into another body part?

Answer 36

Hypoderma

Question 37

What is thromboembolic meningoencephalitis (TEME) in cattle caused by? CS? TX?

Answer 37

Caused by histophilus somni
Starts in respiratory tract of young, stressed and often transported cattle
CS - ataxia, coughing, breathing hard, staggering, circumducting, knuckling, head tilts, febrile, depression, no rumen motility, hypopyon, hyphema
CSF - xanthochromia, increase protein, increased neutrophils
TX - Tetracycline, penicillin, erythromycin, or sulfonamides