Bovine Flashcards
What happens if you give an 8 month pregnant cow anti-inflammatory corticosteroids systemically?
Can lead to premature birth because cows are susceptible to corticosteroid induced parturition
What should you feel on palpation of a cow if the cow has a macerated fetus and no signs of pregnancy?
Crepitus
What are characteristics of an LDA?
Hear a ping on the left side with variable pitch using stimultaneous auscultation and percussion from the last rib and diagonally downward to the 8th rib. It is most commonly seen right after parturition.
What is hardware disease?
CS - stiff gait or xiphoid pain will be present
What is right displaced abomasum?
Much less common than LDA, would be on the right side of
Where would you hear free gas in the rumen of a cow?
From the hip to the 8th rib and be a monotone ping.
What is the most common congential heart defect in large animals?
Ventricular septal defect
Where does Gossypol come from and what toxicity does it cause?
Natural constituent in cotton, acts as an insecticide and protects the plant. The polyphenol binds to iron in cell constituents. It may cause kidney damage, inhibit dehydrogenase enzymes, and uncouple phosphorylation in the cell.
What vaccine is currently used in Brucella vaccination in cows?
Rb51, only young heifers are vaccinated, brucella is reportable!
What are the main vectors of Moraxella bovis?
Flies are the main vectors for pink eye (Moraxella bovis), the face fly (Musca autumnalis) being the most implicated vectors.
Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis ophthalmic lesions are caused by what virus?
Bovine Herpes Virus 1 - it affects the trigenimal ganglia and becomes latent, when animal is immunosuppressed the virus replicates and causes disease.
How long does it take for a cows uterus to return to its normal size? How long to complete histologic repair?
25-30 days for uterus to go back to normal
Up to 50 days for histologic repair
What is calf diphtheria?
Also called necrotic laryngitis - caused by Fusobacterium necrophorum. CS - seen between 3-18 months of age. Signs are acute, moist painful cough, loud inspiratory stridor, head and neck extended, swelling around the larynx and ozena, episcleral injection. Palpation of the larynx easily elicits a cough with pain and increased stridor.
What are the classical signs of Traumatic pericarditis?
Muffled heart sounds, splashing sounds, and brisket edema
Most commonly affected digits in dairy cattle?
Lateral rear digits
What medication has the shortest meat withdrawal time in beef cattle?
Ceftiofur sodium
What is spastic paresis? (Elso heel)
Hereditary disease which produces a continuous stiffness of the hocks. It can be bilateral or unilateral. Affected animals should not be bred. TX - tibial neurectomy or gastrocnemius tenectomy.
What is perilla mint toxicity?
Results in a pneumotoxicant that causes atypical pneumonia and high mortality
What is myophosphorylase deficiency?
Genetic disease in Charolais cattle. Born with a deficiency in the enzyme phosphorylase.
What is acute oak toxicosis?
What is the most common viral cause and bacterial pathogen of calf diarrhea?
Rotavirus and E.Coli
What is Bovine leukemia virus or leukosis? CS? What does it most commonly cause?
Most commonly cause of lymphosarcoma.
CS - weight loss, peripheral lymphadenopathy, decreased milk production (but CS depend on the organ involved)
WILL NOT CAUSE ORAL ULCERATION
What is milk fever in cows? CS? What leads to these signs?
Also known as hypocalcemia, usually post-partum
CS - recently freshened, weak, increased HR, no rumen motility, uterine lochia is red and mucoid, decreased temp.
Signs from weakness in cardiac, skeletal, and smooth muscle
What is the most effective treatment for nitrate poisoning in cows?
Methylene blue
What does nitrate toxicity cause?
Causes methemoglobinemia - blood appears chocolate brown
Oxygen carrying capacity is greatly reduced
What phosphorus levels would most likely result in hemolysis?
Less than 2.0 mg/dl
Which toxicities cause methemoglobinemia?
Copper, onion, nitrate
What is Johne’s disease caused by? CS?
DX?
Also known as paratuberculosis, caused by Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis
CS - granulomatous ileitis and colitis, diarrhea usually, extremely rapid weight loss
DX - serum ELISA
What does ringworm look like in bovines? Agent? DX?
Multifocal several centimeter skin lesions primarily around the head and neck grayish in color. Lesions are superficial, dry, scaly and not pruritic. Underlying skin is not thickened and cows are normal otherwise.
Dx - microscopic examination of a hair/skin scraping from the edge of the lesions or dermatophyte culture
Agent - Dx will likely reveal Trichophyton spp.
Tx - can regress on its own in months but can be zoonotic so use bleach, lime sulfur, chlorhexidine, natamycin, etc/
What does mycoplasma bovis cause in young dairy cows? How is it transmitted?
Can cause otitis media with aural discharge, head tilt, nystagmus, ataxia, and facial nerve paralysis.
Can also cause respiratory disease, arthritis, and tenosynovitis in older calves.
Can also cause mastitis, abortion etc.
Transmitted via milk to young calves
What is digital dermatitis? CS? TX?
CS: lesions on the plantar aspect of the hind foot, immediately proximal to the heel bulb, adjacent to or extending into the interdigital space. Lesions are confined to the digital skin. Some lesion surface may have filiform papillae and foul odor.
TX: Tetracyclines or lincomycin
Only managed, cannot be cured, repeat TX every 45-60 days
What causes CS due to ingestion of moldy sweet potatoes?
Caused by 4-ipomeanol which is a pneumotoxic (toxic to pulmonary tissues) compound produced by fungus Fusarium solani
CS - Tachypnea, Dyspnea, grunting, frothing at the mouth, deep cough, respiratory distress. Lungs are wet, firm, and fail to collapse. Lobes are dark red, firm with hemorrhages, edema, emphysema and bullae throughout the interstital pneumonia. Some may die.
What is acute bovine pulmonary edema and emphysema (ABPE) caused by?
Caused by conversion of ingested L-tryptophan in lush pastures to pneumotoxic 3-methylindole
How do you treat mild clinical mastitis?
Intramammary infusion of pirlimycin in affected cow and stripping affect quarter several times a day
What is one of the most common causes of pericarditis in cows?
TRP - traumatic reticuloperitonitis
Cows ingest wires which can perforate the reticulum and migrate to pericardium and cause infection
Which larvae travels outside the GI tract into another body part?
Hypoderma
What is thromboembolic meningoencephalitis (TEME) in cattle caused by? CS? TX?
Caused by histophilus somni
Starts in respiratory tract of young, stressed and often transported cattle
CS - ataxia, coughing, breathing hard, staggering, circumducting, knuckling, head tilts, febrile, depression, no rumen motility, hypopyon, hyphema
CSF - xanthochromia, increase protein, increased neutrophils
TX - Tetracycline, penicillin, erythromycin, or sulfonamides
What are the CS of an invasive bacterial diarrhea? What bacteria is this?
Decreased milk production, decreased appetite, decreased rumen activity, scleral injections (enlarged and dark), fever. watery green/brown feces that are foul and fetid smelling
Salmonella
What does the foul smell of feces indicate?
Serum proteins are in the feces
What bacteria is bovine bronchopneumonia caused by?
Mannheimia hemolytica
What are the CS of bovine bronchopneumonia?
Depressed, off feed, breathing hard, increased HR, scleral vessels injected and dark, dyspneic, open mouth breathing
Harsh inspiratory and expiratory sounds and expiratory wheezes cranioventral, ventral consolidation
What is bovine bronchopneumonia commonly associated with?
Shipping fever
What virus causes Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR)?
Bovine herpesvirus type 1
Where does the IBR virus remain latent in the body?
Trigeminal ganglia
What are the primary clinical signs of IBR?
Loud hacking cough, sneezing, fever, anorexia, open mouth breathing, mucopurulent nasal discharge, chemosis,
upper respiratory signs with white plaques on conjunctiva/nasal epithelium.!!!
What is a major consequence of IBR in pregnant cows?
Abortions, which can kill the fetus quickly and show severe inflammation in the fetus.
What is the best treatment for Bovine Papilloma Virus (BPV)?
Autogenous vaccine (using some warts from the herd), as commercial vaccines are not effective.
What is a common site of papillomas in BPV infections? How should fibropapillomas on the penis be treated?
The tip of the penis (causing fibropapillomas/warts).
Surgically removed; the animal can resume breeding in 90 days
What virus causes Bovine Leukosis (BLV)?
Bovine leukemia virus (BLV), a type of lentivirus
What is a key clinical sign of Bovine Leukosis?
Lymphoma, with lymphadenopathy, weight loss, and reduced milk production.
What is a definitive diagnostic method for Bovine Leukosis?
Biopsy of the lymph node for histopathology, and positive ELISA for gp51 antigen (herd test standard).
What virus causes Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus (BRSV)?
Paramyxovirus.
What are the key clinical signs of BRSV infection?
Rapid labored breathing, depression, salivation, nasal/ocular discharge, “honking” cough, tachypnea/dyspnea.
What are the lesions associated with BRSV?
Pulmonary edema/emphysema, crackles throughout lung fields.
What is the treatment for BRSV?
Supportive care and antibiotics for secondary bacterial infections.
What virus causes Bovine Viral Diarrhea (BVD)?
Flavivirus
How is BVD maintained in a herd?
Through persistently infected carriers that were infected as fetuses.
What happens when a fetus is infected with non-cytopathic BVD between days 50-150 of gestation?
The immune system doesn’t recognize the virus as foreign, leading to persistent infection.
What congenital disorders can result from BVD infection?
Microphthalmia, cerebellar hypoplasia, and hydrocephaly
What are the signs of cerebellar hypoplasia in calves?
Hypermetria, hyperreflexia, nystagmus, strabismus, and opisthotonos.
What is “Mucosal Disease” in BVD, and how does it occur?
Chronic and severe BVD in persistently infected calves superinfected with cytopathic BVD, leading to diarrhea, oral ulcerations, and sometimes acute death.
What is the diagnostic sign for BVD in terms of thrombocytopenia?
BVD adheres to thrombocytes, leading to removal by the reticuloendothelial system, causing hemorrhage when platelets are low enough.
What can be done to treat thrombocytopenia in BVD-infected cattle?
Blood transfusion with fresh whole blood.
What virus causes Pseudocowpox?
Parapox virus.
What type of lesions are associated with Pseudocowpox?
Proliferative teat lesions.
What are related parapox viruses, and are they zoonotic?
Contagious ecthyma, bovine papular stomatitis, and pseudocowpox; all are zoonotic.
What virus causes Bovine Papular Stomatitis (BPS)?
Parapox virus
What are the symptoms of Bovine Papular Stomatitis?
Fever, small raised lesions around the gums and on the dental pad.
How is Bovine Papular Stomatitis different from BVD in terms of oral lesions?
BPS has raised lesions with no other oral lesions or GI signs, unlike BVD.
What is the prognosis for Bovine Papular Stomatitis?
It is usually mild and resolves in 3 weeks, but it can be fatal if the calf is immunosuppressed.
What virus is suspected to cause Bovine Winter Dysentery?
Coronavirus.
What are the clinical signs of Bovine Winter Dysentery?
Explosive outbreak of watery diarrhea with clotted dark blood, typically in stabled animals during winter.
What type of bacteria causes a multitude of diseases that affect animals?
Clostridial bacteria
Clostridial bacteria are known for producing endospores that are resistant to harsh conditions.
What do clostridial bacteria produce that makes them resistant to environmental stressors?
Endospores
Endospores can withstand heat, drought, and disinfectants.
What triggers clostridial bacteria to grow and release toxins?
Favorable microenvironment in the host
The specific toxin released depends on the species of bacteria.
Are clostridial diseases contagious through direct transmission?
No
Clostridial diseases are usually not transmitted directly.
What is Blackleg caused by?
Clostridium chauvoei
Blackleg primarily affects cattle and can also affect sheep.
What age group of cattle is mainly affected by Blackleg?
Between 6 months and 2 years of age
In sheep, it is often related to wounds or parturition.
How do endospores of Clostridium chauvoei enter the bloodstream?
Ingested or enter through a wound
Endospores can cross the gastrointestinal tract into the bloodstream.
In what type of environment do clostridial bacteria multiply?
Anaerobic environment
This often occurs in damaged muscle tissue.
What are common clinical signs of Blackleg in animals?
Lameness, fever, depression, anorexia
Swelling with possible palpable crepitus from gas bubbles may also be observed.
What is a notable characteristic of the disease progression in Blackleg?
Animals die rapidly without signs of illness
Death can occur within 12-48 hours after symptoms appear.
What is a presumptive diagnosis indicator for Blackleg?
Gaseous swelling in a young animal
This is often observed during clinical examination.
What are the postmortem findings in cases of Blackleg?
Black and necrotic infected area with gas bubbles
A foul, sweet odor resembling ‘rancid butter’ is often present.
What is the treatment for the disease caused by Clostridia if identified early?
Penicillin
Early identification is crucial for effective treatment.
What may survivors of the disease experience?
Permanent deformity
Survivors may suffer long-term physical consequences.
How should a carcass be disposed of to prevent environmental contamination?
Immediately disposed of without contaminating environment
Proper disposal is essential to prevent disease spread.
What vaccine is used to prevent the disease?
7-way bacterin vaccine
The vaccine requires two doses at one-month intervals.
What types of Clostridia does the 7-way vaccine protect against?
- Clostridium chauvoei
- Clostridium septicum
- Clostridium novyi types A and B
- Clostridium sordellii
- Clostridium perfringens types C & D
This vaccine covers multiple strains that can cause serious diseases.
What animals are affected by the disease?
Cattle, sheep, goats, and horses of any age
The disease can affect various livestock species.
What is Bighead in sheep caused by?
C. novyi type A
Bighead is a specific manifestation of malignant edema in sheep.
How does the disease typically develop?
When an open wound is infected with bacteria
Common causes include injury, castration, difficult parturition, and fighting.
What are common clinical signs of the disease?
- Localized swelling and edema
- Depression
- Anorexia
- High fever
- Death within 24-48 hours
Rapid progression is a key characteristic of this disease.
What do postmortem findings typically show in affected animals?
- Infected area is darkened
- Foul odor
- Swelling without gas accumulation
These findings are indicative of the disease’s severity.
What is the key preventative measure for the disease aside from vaccination?
Clean surgery and clean environment following a surgical procedure
Maintaining hygiene is vital to prevent infection.
