Bones Flashcards
Definition of bones
Rigid structures which form the framework of the body
Give 6 functions of the bones
- Form skeleton for support
- Provide attachment to muscles
- Allow different movements by acting as levers
- Protective function of vital organs
- Important storage for salts
- Hematopoietic function by producing new blood cells
What are the two parts of the skeleton?
- Axial Skeleton
2. Appendicular Skeleton
What makes up the axial skeleton?
Skull, vertebral column and thoracic cage
What are the three areas of the sternum?
- Manubrium
- Body
- Xiphoid Process
What makes up the appendicular skeleton?
Upper and lower limbs including shoulder and pelvic girdle
What are the four segments of the upper and lower limbs?
- Girdle (pectoral / pelvic)
- Proximal segment (arm / thigh)
- Intermediate segment (forearm / leg)
- Distal segment (hand / foot)
From and including the girdle of the arm, name the order of bones and joints down the arm
- Scapula / Clavicle
- Shoulder Joint
- Humerus
- Elbow Joint
- Radius / Ulna
- Wrist Joint
- Carpals
- Carpometacarpal Joint
- Metacarpals
- Metacarpophalangeal Joint
- Phalanges
From and including the girdle of the leg, name the order of bones and joints down the leg
- Hip Bone
- Hip Joint
- Femur
- Knee Joint
- Tibia / Fibula
- Ankle Joint
- Tarsals
- Tarsometatarsal Joint
- Metatarsals
- Metatarsophalangeal Joint
- Phalanges
What are the two types of bone by structure?
- Compact
2. Spongy / Cancellous
What is compact bone?
Dense hard material which makes up the shaft of long bones
What is spongy bone?
Delicate bony meshwork, consisting of irregularly shaped plates called trabeculae, which fills the inside of bones
What are the 6 ways to classify bones by shape?
- Long
- Short
- Irregular
- Flat
- Pneumatic
- Sesamoid
What is a long bone and give 2 examples of a long bone
Consists of a long shaft and two ends
Femur / Humerus
What is a short bone and give 2 examples
Cupoidal bones composed of spongy bone and a thin cover of compact bone
Carpals / Tarsals
What is an irregular bone and give 2 examples
Irregularly shaped bone made up of spongy bone and a thin cover of compact bone
Vertebrae / Facial Bones
What is a flat bone and give 2 examples
Thin, flattened bone composed of spongy bone and covered on both sides by a thin layer of compact bone
Scapula / Cranial Bones
What is a pneumatic bone and give an example
Bones which have an air filled cavity
Maxilla
What is a sesamoid bone and give an example
Small nodules of bone present in some tendons
Patella in the knee joint
What are the three arteries by which blood is supplied to the bone?
- Periosteal
- Nutrient
- Articular
What is the periosteum?
A thin, fibrous, transparent, connective tissue membrane which covers all bones
What is the nutrient foramina?
A small opening in the bone where the nutrient arteries pass through
Which part of the bone are periosteal arteries responsible for nourishing?
Compact bone
Which part of the bone are nutrient arteries responsible for nourishing?
Spongy bone
What are articular arteries?
Arteries which enter the bone as epiphyseal and metaphyseal arteries to supply ends of the bone at a joint
What are the two types of ossification?
- Membranous
2. Endochondral
What is membranous ossification and where does it happen?
When connective tissue membranes are directly replaced by bony tissue. It happens in some flat and irregular bones in the skull
What is endochondral ossification?
When hyaline cartilages are replaced by bony tissue
