Biology Flashcards
Active Transport
a type of cellular transport that requires energy (often in the form of ATP) to transport molecules or substances ‘against’ their concentration or electrochemical gradients.
Amino Acids
monomers of proteins
4 Macromolecules
-proteins
-lipids (fats, non-polar + hydrophobic)
-carbohydrates (sucrose, C + H2O, fruits, grains, ect.)
-nucleic acids (RNA and DNA, 5’ phosphate group, 3’ OH group)
Central Dogma
This theory states that genetic information, in all cells flows from DNA to RNA to proteins.
Facilitated Transport
transport that requires a channel or to move a molecule/substance across the membrane
Facilitated Passive Transport
when a molecule is moving down its gradient (no energy used) with the help of membrane proteins
Golgi Apparatus
a membranous organelle that helps process and package lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates in the cell. Important in protein-sorting.
Glycolic Linkage
the name of the bond that carbohydrate monomers through the process of dehydration synthesis.
Lysosome
an organelle that contains digestive enzymes for breaking down cellular parts and digesting viruses or bacteria that infect a cell
Non-polar
a covalent bond between two or more atoms in which the atoms have the same electronegativity and equal sharing of the shared electrons. Non-polar molecules are water insoluble
Nucleic Acid
a class of biological macromolecules made of nucleotides. Primarily used for ‘information storage’, such as DNA and RNA. Some nucleic acids are also used as for energy (ATP) and cell signaling.
Nucleotide
It is the monomer of nucleic acids. It is comprised of nitrogenous base (A, T, G, C in DNA and A, U, G, C in RNA) covalently bonded to a pentose sugar (ribose in NTP and deoxyribose in dNTP) which is bonded to phosphates.
Passive Transport
a type of cellular transport that does not require energy. Molecules or substances move ‘down’ their concentration or electrochemical gradients.
Peptide Bond
the name of the bond formed between amino acids to make a polypeptide. Peptide bonds are made through the process of dehydration synthesis.
Peripheral Membrane Protein
a protein that interacts with the plasma membrane, though does not span the plasma membrane.
Phosphodiester Bond
the name of the bond formed between adjacent nucleotides in nucleic acid. Phosophodiester are made through the process of dehydration synthesis.
Polar
a covalent bond between two or more atoms in which the atoms have different electronegativity and unequal sharing of the shared electrons. Polar molecules are water soluble
Transcription
Transcription is the process of making an RNA copy of a gene’s DNA sequence. RNA transcribed can be either coding such as messenger RNA
Translation
Translation is the process of translating the sequence of a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule to a sequence of amino acids during protein synthesis. mRNA is read in a 5’ 3’ direction from the start codon till the translation machine encounters the stop codon.
Nucleotide
It is the monomer of nucleic acids
Gene expression
A process by which the genetic information in a DNA sequence (= gene) is turned into a functional product i.e. protein or noncoding RNA (i.e. rRNA, tRNA etc.). All cells types in our body have the SAME genes. But express different sets of genes. This accounts for the difference in their shapes, size and functions.
Promoter sequence
It is a regulatory sequence of the gene to which RNA polymerase enzyme binds to start transcription. This sequence is NOT transcribed.
Amino acids
monomers of proteins
Point mutation
A point mutation is when a single base pair is altered, deleted or inserted.
Nonsense mutation
A nonsense mutation is the substitution of a single base pair that leads to the appearance of a premature stop codon where previously there was a codon specifying an amino acid.
Missense mutation
A missense mutation is when the change of a single base pair causes the substitution of a different amino acid in the resulting protein.
Frame Mutation
A frameshift mutation is a type of mutation involving the insertion or deletion of a nucleotide in which the number of deleted base pairs is not divisible by three