Bio Exam 2 Specific Flashcards
Differences between Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes
Eukaryotes:
- larger
- DNA in nucleus
- organelles
Prokaryotes:
- smaller
- no organelles
Similarities between Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes
Cytoplasm
Plasma Membrane
Endomembrane System
Nuclear Envelope (double layrered)
Endoplasmic Reticulum (Rough and Smooth)
Golgi Apparatus
Vesicles (pouches of plasma membrane)
Chromatin v Chromsome
Chromatin: loosely wound DNA
Chromosome: tightly wound
Job of nucleus
house and copy DNA
3 types of cytoskeleton
Microtubules
Intermediate Filaments
Microfilaments
Microtubules
made of Tubullin
- hollow
- movement and support (tracks for motor proteins)
- can originate from centrosome
- cilia and flagella, separation of DNA
- arranged in cricles of 9 triplets or doublets
Intermediate Filaments
made of Keratin
- twisted fibrous proteins
- many originate from centrosome, built from centrioles
- anchor and structure
Microfilaments
made of Actin protein
- muscle contractions
- cytoplasmic streaming
- cell shape
Cisternea
flattened membrane vesicles found in the ER
Plasmodesmata
cytosol, water, ions
4 types of junctions
1) Tight junctions: no leaks
2) Desmosome: velcro (strong–> high mechanical stress)
3) Gap junction: channel (quick movement from one cell to another–> rapid signaling)
4) Plasmodesmata: plant cell wall channels
6 fucntions of membrane proteins
transport channels
receptors fro signaling molecules
cytoskeleton
enzymatic activity
intercellular attachment
cell - cell recognition
Amphipathic
partially hydrophobic, partially hydrophilic
cholestorol
reduces membrane fluidity but at low temps stops it from freezing solid
Active Transport
REQUIRES ENEGY!
- primary
- secondary (cotransport)
- vesicular
Vesicular Transport
Exocytosis (exit the cell)
Endocytosis (into the cell)
- receptor mediated
-pinocytosis (cell drinking)
- Phagocytosis (cell eating)
Passive Transport
NO ENERGY NEEDED!
Diffusion
- simple
- osmosis (water)
- facilitated –> aquaporins, channel mediated, carrier mediated
Diffusion
substances moves until they are equally and randomly distributed