Bio Exam 2 Specific Flashcards

1
Q

Differences between Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes

A

Eukaryotes:
- larger
- DNA in nucleus
- organelles

Prokaryotes:
- smaller
- no organelles

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2
Q

Similarities between Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes

A

Cytoplasm
Plasma Membrane

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3
Q

Endomembrane System

A

Nuclear Envelope (double layrered)
Endoplasmic Reticulum (Rough and Smooth)
Golgi Apparatus
Vesicles (pouches of plasma membrane)

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4
Q

Chromatin v Chromsome

A

Chromatin: loosely wound DNA
Chromosome: tightly wound

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5
Q

Job of nucleus

A

house and copy DNA

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6
Q

3 types of cytoskeleton

A

Microtubules
Intermediate Filaments
Microfilaments

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7
Q

Microtubules

A

made of Tubullin
- hollow
- movement and support (tracks for motor proteins)
- can originate from centrosome
- cilia and flagella, separation of DNA
- arranged in cricles of 9 triplets or doublets

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8
Q

Intermediate Filaments

A

made of Keratin
- twisted fibrous proteins
- many originate from centrosome, built from centrioles
- anchor and structure

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9
Q

Microfilaments

A

made of Actin protein
- muscle contractions
- cytoplasmic streaming
- cell shape

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10
Q

Cisternea

A

flattened membrane vesicles found in the ER

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11
Q

Plasmodesmata

A

cytosol, water, ions

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12
Q

4 types of junctions

A

1) Tight junctions: no leaks
2) Desmosome: velcro (strong–> high mechanical stress)
3) Gap junction: channel (quick movement from one cell to another–> rapid signaling)
4) Plasmodesmata: plant cell wall channels

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13
Q

6 fucntions of membrane proteins

A

transport channels
receptors fro signaling molecules
cytoskeleton
enzymatic activity
intercellular attachment
cell - cell recognition

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14
Q

Amphipathic

A

partially hydrophobic, partially hydrophilic

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15
Q

cholestorol

A

reduces membrane fluidity but at low temps stops it from freezing solid

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16
Q

Active Transport

A

REQUIRES ENEGY!
- primary
- secondary (cotransport)
- vesicular

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17
Q

Vesicular Transport

A

Exocytosis (exit the cell)

Endocytosis (into the cell)
- receptor mediated
-pinocytosis (cell drinking)
- Phagocytosis (cell eating)

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18
Q

Passive Transport

A

NO ENERGY NEEDED!

Diffusion
- simple
- osmosis (water)
- facilitated –> aquaporins, channel mediated, carrier mediated

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19
Q

Diffusion

A

substances moves until they are equally and randomly distributed

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20
Q

Simple diffusion

A

solute moves from high to low

21
Q

Tonicity

A

ability of a solution to alter cells water volume

22
Q

Active Transport

A

moves molecules against their concentration gradient

23
Q

Co-transport

A

uses stored energy from active transport
building a concentration gradient in order to do other work

24
Q

Vesicular (bulk) Transport

A

molecules moved in tiny containers called vesicles
endocytosis (inside the cell)
exocytosis (outside the cell)

25
Q

electrogenic pump

A

voltage differences on either side of the cell membrane, ex. 3Na + and 2K +

26
Q

Local signalling

A
  • gap junctions
  • cell - cell recognition
  • paracrine = local regulator
  • synaptic
27
Q

Long distance signaling

A
  • endocrine
  • nervous tissue
28
Q

3 stages of cell signaling

A

Reception
Transduction
Response

29
Q

Reception

A

recognize the signaling molecule

30
Q

Transduction

A

convert original signal into form that can trigger cellular response. often involves relay molecules

31
Q

Response

A

finally triggers specific activity

32
Q

ligand

A

signaling molecule, binds specifically to another molecule

33
Q

G protein coupled receptor

A
  • utilizes transmembrane receptor
  • binds GTP (energy shuttle molecule) to a G protein
  • activates another enzyme
34
Q

Ligand gated ion channel

A
  • channel only opens to specific ligand binds
  • allows movement of molecules that may trigger intracellular response
35
Q

Intracellular Receptors

A

diffuse straight through the membrane

36
Q

Protein Kinase

A

transfer phosphate group –> phosphorylate –> activate

37
Q

Protein Phosphate

A

remove a phosphate –> deactivate

38
Q

chemical energy

A

potential energy is available in chemical reaction

39
Q

Thermal energy

A

kinetic energy associated with random movements if atoms or molecules

40
Q

Anabolic

A

or endergonic reactions: build up
positive change in G
lessens entropy locally

41
Q

Catabolic

A

or exergonic: tears down
negative change in G
spontaneous: does not require energy from outside to start reaction so can happen whenever
increases entropy

42
Q

change in G

A

final G - initial G

43
Q

Energy Coupling

A

using an exergonic reaction to drive an endergonic one

44
Q

Phosphorylation

A

transferring a phosphate group

45
Q

competition inhibition

A

active site is filled by “mimic” so normal substrate cant gain access

46
Q

non competitive inhibition

A

bind to a different part of the enzyme, causes enough of a change that active site isn’t accessible to normal substrate

47
Q

Allosteric Inhibition

A

stabilizes in inactive form

48
Q

Allosteric Regulation

A

activator molecule binds and stabilizes in active form

49
Q

Cooperativity

A

when actual binding influences further binding in other active sites