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Biology and Chemistry > Bio Final > Flashcards

Bio Final Flashcards

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1
Q

alive v not alive characteristics

A

grow, reproduce, respond to stimulus

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2
Q

descent with modification

A

species change over time through passing of traits from parent organisms to their offspring

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3
Q

Steps/processes of science

A
  1. observe
  2. hypothesize
  3. experiment
  4. conclusion
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4
Q

Hypothesis

A

educated guess or prediction about how or why something works, based on facts

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5
Q

Hydrogen bond defention

A

a weak bond between two molecules resulting from electrostatic attraction between a proton and an electronegative atom

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6
Q

properties of water

A

high specific heat, universal solvent, cohesion, hydrogen bonds, polar, and surface tension

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7
Q

Buffers

A

help maintain stable pH by either donating or accepting H+ ions

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8
Q

hydrocarbon

A

compound containing hydrogen and carbon

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9
Q

4 macromolecules

A

lipids - fats, storage
nucleic acids - stores and transfers info
proteins - structure, enzyme movement, defense, transport
carbohydrates - stores energy, provides fuel

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10
Q

3 types of carbohydrates

A

sugars: simple, most basic form
Starch: complex, made of lots of simple sugars
fiber: complex carbohydrate

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11
Q

starch v cellulose

A

starch - branched structure, store energy in plants
cellulose - linear structure, structure and support in plant cell wall

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12
Q

saturated v unsaturated fatty acids

A

saturated: no kinks, tightly packed, solid at room temp (butter)
nonsaturated: kinks, more fluid, liquid at room temp (olive oil)

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13
Q

functions of proteins

A

structural support
transport
enzymes
signalling
cell communication
defense

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14
Q

chemical components of nucleic acid

A

sugar molecule (either ribose in RNA or deoxyribose in DNA), phosphate group and nitrogen containing base (A, G, C, T or U)

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15
Q

3 types of cytoskeleton components

A

microfilaments
microtubules
intermediate filaments

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16
Q

Microtubules

A

made of tubullin
cilia and flagela
originate in the centrosome

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17
Q

Intermediate fillaments

A

made of keratin
anchor and structure

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18
Q

microfillaments

A

made of actin
muscle contractions
cytoplasmic streaming
cell shape

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19
Q

Active Transport

A

primary
secondary
vesicles: endocytosis, exocytosis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis

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20
Q

Passive Transport

A

diffusion:
osmosis
simple
facilitated: aqauporins, channel mediated, carrier mediated

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21
Q

endomembrane system

A

rough ER - protein synthesis
smooth ER - lipid synthesis
vesicles - transport

22
Q

function of mitochondria

A

nutrients to energy

consists of: outer membrane, inter-membrane space, inner membrane, matrix w/ DNA and ribosomes

23
Q

relationship between microtubules, centrioles, and centrosome

A

centrosome made up of centrioles which are made of microtubules

24
Q

4 types of cell junctions

A

gap junctions: direct communication between cells
desmosome: velcro (with stand high stress)
tight junction: no leaks!!!!
plasmodesmata:

25
Q

3 Stages of Cell signalling

A

1) reception - recognize signalling molecule
2) transduction - convert original signal into form that triggers a response (relay molecule!)
3) response: triggers activity

26
Q

G protein coupled receptor v ligan gated ion channel

A

g protein: signalling molecule does not enter the cell
ion channel: signalling molecule opens a channel for the ions

27
Q

phosphorylation cascade

A

protein kinase: transfer phosphate group, phosphorylation, activate
protein phosphate: remove phosphate group, deactivate

28
Q

local signaling

A

paracrine and synapsis (fast, very accurate)

29
Q

long distance signaling

A

endocrine - hormones (slower, less accurate)

30
Q

3 kinds of cellular work

A

chemical
mechanical
transport

31
Q

competitive inhibition

A

blocks the active site

32
Q

non-competitive inhibition

A

binds somewhere else on the enzyme, denaturing the active site

33
Q

allosteric inhibition

A
34
Q

Mendle

A

figured out how genetic information is passed down in discrete packages ( not a blend)

35
Q

mendels law of segregation

A

only one of two gene copies is present in the egg cell

36
Q

incomplete dominance

A

mix (ex. red and white flower make pink)

37
Q

co-dominance

A

each trait shows through independently

38
Q

pleiotrpy

A

single gene effects multiple traits

39
Q

epistasis

A

expression of one gene interferes with the expression of another (ex. dogs )

40
Q

polygenic inheritance

A

multiple genes work together to control a trait

41
Q

genetic engineering

A

deliberate modifications by altering the genetic code

42
Q

what checks for errors?

A

polymerase, reads after making it and corrects any mistakes it finds

43
Q

Nucleic acid hybridization

A

a molecular biology technique where single-stranded nucleic acids (DNA or RNA) with complementary base sequences bind together to form a double-stranded molecule

44
Q

plasmid

A

a genetic structure in a cell that can replicate independently of the chromosomes, typically a small circular DNA strand in the cytoplasm of a bacterium or protozoan. Plasmids are much used in the laboratory manipulation of genes.

45
Q

restriction enzymes and clonning

A

uses DNA restriction enzymes to cut a vector and an insert at specific locations so they can be easily joined together by the enzyme DNA ligase to create recombinant DNA.

46
Q

central dogma

A

a theory stating that genetic information flows only in one direction, from DNA, to RNA, to protein, or RNA directly to protein

47
Q

mRNA

A

provides the template

48
Q

tRNA

A

carries amino acids and reads the genetic code

49
Q

rRNA

A

transfers information from mRNA into the amino acid chain

50
Q

cooperativity

A

when actual substrate binding influences further binding in other active sites

51
Q

3 phases of the Calvin Cycle

A

1) carbon fixation - CO2 and rubisco come together
2) reduction - of ATP and NADPH
3) Regeneration - ATP and RuBP prepare to accept CO2 again

52
Q

photorespiration

A

when Rubisco confuses O2 for CO2 (creates waste product!!)

Biology and Chemistry (24 decks)

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