Bio Final Flashcards
alive v not alive characteristics
grow, reproduce, respond to stimulus
descent with modification
species change over time through passing of traits from parent organisms to their offspring
Steps/processes of science
- observe
- hypothesize
- experiment
- conclusion
Hypothesis
educated guess or prediction about how or why something works, based on facts
Hydrogen bond defention
a weak bond between two molecules resulting from electrostatic attraction between a proton and an electronegative atom
properties of water
high specific heat, universal solvent, cohesion, hydrogen bonds, polar, and surface tension
Buffers
help maintain stable pH by either donating or accepting H+ ions
hydrocarbon
compound containing hydrogen and carbon
4 macromolecules
lipids - fats, storage
nucleic acids - stores and transfers info
proteins - structure, enzyme movement, defense, transport
carbohydrates - stores energy, provides fuel
3 types of carbohydrates
sugars: simple, most basic form
Starch: complex, made of lots of simple sugars
fiber: complex carbohydrate
starch v cellulose
starch - branched structure, store energy in plants
cellulose - linear structure, structure and support in plant cell wall
saturated v unsaturated fatty acids
saturated: no kinks, tightly packed, solid at room temp (butter)
nonsaturated: kinks, more fluid, liquid at room temp (olive oil)
functions of proteins
structural support
transport
enzymes
signalling
cell communication
defense
chemical components of nucleic acid
sugar molecule (either ribose in RNA or deoxyribose in DNA), phosphate group and nitrogen containing base (A, G, C, T or U)
3 types of cytoskeleton components
microfilaments
microtubules
intermediate filaments
Microtubules
made of tubullin
cilia and flagela
originate in the centrosome
Intermediate fillaments
made of keratin
anchor and structure
microfillaments
made of actin
muscle contractions
cytoplasmic streaming
cell shape
Active Transport
primary
secondary
vesicles: endocytosis, exocytosis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis
Passive Transport
diffusion:
osmosis
simple
facilitated: aqauporins, channel mediated, carrier mediated
endomembrane system
rough ER - protein synthesis
smooth ER - lipid synthesis
vesicles - transport
function of mitochondria
nutrients to energy
consists of: outer membrane, inter-membrane space, inner membrane, matrix w/ DNA and ribosomes
relationship between microtubules, centrioles, and centrosome
centrosome made up of centrioles which are made of microtubules
4 types of cell junctions
gap junctions: direct communication between cells
desmosome: velcro (with stand high stress)
tight junction: no leaks!!!!
plasmodesmata:
3 Stages of Cell signalling
1) reception - recognize signalling molecule
2) transduction - convert original signal into form that triggers a response (relay molecule!)
3) response: triggers activity
G protein coupled receptor v ligan gated ion channel
g protein: signalling molecule does not enter the cell
ion channel: signalling molecule opens a channel for the ions
phosphorylation cascade
protein kinase: transfer phosphate group, phosphorylation, activate
protein phosphate: remove phosphate group, deactivate
local signaling
paracrine and synapsis (fast, very accurate)
long distance signaling
endocrine - hormones (slower, less accurate)
3 kinds of cellular work
chemical
mechanical
transport
competitive inhibition
blocks the active site
non-competitive inhibition
binds somewhere else on the enzyme, denaturing the active site
allosteric inhibition
Mendle
figured out how genetic information is passed down in discrete packages ( not a blend)
mendels law of segregation
only one of two gene copies is present in the egg cell
incomplete dominance
mix (ex. red and white flower make pink)
co-dominance
each trait shows through independently
pleiotrpy
single gene effects multiple traits
epistasis
expression of one gene interferes with the expression of another (ex. dogs )
polygenic inheritance
multiple genes work together to control a trait
genetic engineering
deliberate modifications by altering the genetic code
what checks for errors?
polymerase, reads after making it and corrects any mistakes it finds
Nucleic acid hybridization
a molecular biology technique where single-stranded nucleic acids (DNA or RNA) with complementary base sequences bind together to form a double-stranded molecule
plasmid
a genetic structure in a cell that can replicate independently of the chromosomes, typically a small circular DNA strand in the cytoplasm of a bacterium or protozoan. Plasmids are much used in the laboratory manipulation of genes.
restriction enzymes and clonning
uses DNA restriction enzymes to cut a vector and an insert at specific locations so they can be easily joined together by the enzyme DNA ligase to create recombinant DNA.
central dogma
a theory stating that genetic information flows only in one direction, from DNA, to RNA, to protein, or RNA directly to protein
mRNA
provides the template
tRNA
carries amino acids and reads the genetic code
rRNA
transfers information from mRNA into the amino acid chain
cooperativity
when actual substrate binding influences further binding in other active sites
3 phases of the Calvin Cycle
1) carbon fixation - CO2 and rubisco come together
2) reduction - of ATP and NADPH
3) Regeneration - ATP and RuBP prepare to accept CO2 again
photorespiration
when Rubisco confuses O2 for CO2 (creates waste product!!)
