Barron's: Chapter 7 - Cognition Flashcards
1
Q
memory
A
- distributed around the cortex
2
Q
three-box/information-processing model
A
- proposes the three stages that information passes through before it is stored
3
Q
levels of processing model
A
- describes memory recall of stimuli as a function of the depth of mental processing
4
Q
sensory memory
A
- a split-second holding tank for incoming sensory information
5
Q
iconic memory
A
- a split-second perfect photograph of a scene
6
Q
selective attention
A
- determines which sensory messages get encoded
7
Q
echoic memory
A
- an equally brief (3-4 second) memory for sounds
8
Q
short-term memory (working memory)
A
- the capacity for holding, but not manipulating, a small amount of information in mind in an active, readily available state for a short period of time
9
Q
chunking
A
- if you want to remember a list, you would group the items into no more than seven groups
10
Q
mnemonic devices
A
- techniques a person can use to help them improve their ability to remember something
11
Q
rehearsal
A
- repeat something so you remember it
12
Q
long-term memory
A
- our permanent storage of memories
13
Q
episodic memory
A
- memories of specific events, storied in a sequential series of events
14
Q
semantic
A
- general knowledge of the world, stored as facts, meanings, or categories rather than sequentially
15
Q
procedural memory
A
- memories of skills and how to perform them. these memories are sequential but might be very complicated to describe in words
16
Q
explicit memories (also called declarative memories)
A
- what we usually think of first, they are conscious memories of facts or events we actively tried to remember
17
Q
implicit memories (also called nondeclarative moments)
A
- unintentional memories that we might not even realized we have
18
Q
eidetic, or photographic, memory
A
- one is able to perfectly and indestructiblt recall images
19
Q
retrieval
A
- getting information out of memory so we can use it
20
Q
recognition
A
- the process of matching a current event or fact with one already in memory
21
Q
recall
A
- retrieving a memory with an external cue
22
Q
primary effect
A
- predicts that we are more likely to recall items presented at the beginning of a list
23
Q
recency effect
A
- demonstrates our ability to recall the items at the end of a list
24
Q
serial position effect (also called serial position curve)
A
- effect is seen when recall of a list is affected by the order of items in a list
25
Q
tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
A
- temporary inability to remember information
26
Q
semantic network theory
A
- states that our brain might form new memories by connecting their meaning and context with meanings already in memory
27
Q
flashbulb memories
A
- a detailed and vivid memory that is stored on one occasion and retained for a lifetime
28
Q
state-dependent memory
A
- refers to the phenomenon of recalling events encoded while in particular states of consciousness
29
Q
mood congruent memory
A
- the greater likelihood of recalling an item when our mood matched the mood we were in when the event happened
30
Q
constructed (or reconstructed memory)
A
- can report false details of a real event or might even be a recollection of an event that never occured
31
Q
relearning effect
A
- if you would have to memorize something again, it would take you less time than it did the first time you studied them
32
Q
retroactive interference
A
- learning new information interferes with the recall of older information
33
Q
proactive interference
A
- older information learned previously interferes with the recall of information learned more recently
34
Q
anterograde amnesia
A
- people cannot encode new memories but they can recall events already in memory
35
Q
retrograde amnesia
A
- a loss of memory-access to events that occurred, or information that was learned, before an injury or the onset of a disease
36
Q
long-term potentiation
A
- a persistent strengthening of synapses based on recent patterns of activity
37
Q
phonemes
A
- the smallest units of sound used in a language
38
Q
morphemes
A
- the smallest unit of meaningful sound
39
Q
syntax
A
- words are spoken or written in a particular order
40
Q
language acquisition
A
- the process by which humans acquire the capacity to perceive and comprehend language, as well as to produce and use words and sentences to communicate
41
Q
overgeneralization or overregularization
A
- a part of the language-learning process in which children extend regular grammatical patterns to irregular words
42
Q
language acquisition device
A
- the ability to learn a language rapidly as children
43
Q
linguistic relativity hypothesis
A
- the language we use might control, and in some ways limit, our thinking
44
Q
prototypes
A
- what we think is the most typical example of a particular concept
45
Q
images
A
- the mental pictures we create in our minds of the outside world
46
Q
algorithm
A
- a rule that guarantees the right solution by using a formula or other foolproof method
47
Q
heuristic
A
- a rule that is generally, but not always, true that we can use to make judgment in a situation
48
Q
representativeness heuistic
A
- judging a situation based on how similar the aspects are to prototypes the person holds in his or her mind
49
Q
belief bias or belief preserverance
A
- concern our tendency not to change our beliefs in the face of contradictory evidence
50
Q
functional fixedness
A
- the inability to see a new use for an object
51
Q
confirmation bias
A
- we tend to look for evidence that confirms our beliefs and ignore evidence that contradicts what we think is true
52
Q
convergent thinking
A
- thinking pointed towards one solution
53
Q
divergent thinking
A
- thinking that searches for multiple possible answers to a question
54
Q
availability heuristic
A
- judging a situation based on examples of similar situation that come to mind initially
55
Q
George Sperling
A
- he documented the existence of iconic memory (one of the sensory memory subtypes)
56
Q
George Miller
A
- he established the average number of 7 items that we can remember with short term memory
57
Q
Alexandra Luria
A
- was one of the founders of Cultural-Historical Psychology
58
Q
Hermann Ebbinghaus
A
- he was a German psychologist who pioneered the experimental study of memory
59
Q
Noam Chomsky
A
- theorized that humans are born with a language acquisition device
60
Q
Elizabeth Loftus
A
- cognitive psychologist and expert on human memory
61
Q
Benjamin Whorf
A
- theorized that the language we use might control, and in some ways limit, our thinking
62
Q
Wolfgang Kohler
A
- he documented details of the “aha experience”
