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AP Psychology > Barron's: Chapter 2 - Methods > Flashcards

Barron's: Chapter 2 - Methods Flashcards

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1
Q

hindsight bias

A

when people have the tendency upon hearing about research findings to think that they knew it all along

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2
Q

applied research

A

a form of systematic inquiry involving the practical application of science. It accesses and uses some part of the research communities’ accumulated theories, knowledge, methods, and techniques, for a specific, often state-, business-, or client-driven purpose.

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3
Q

basic research

A

explores questions that are of interest to psychologists but are not intended to have immediate, real-world applications

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4
Q

hypothesis

A

expresses a relationship between two variables

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5
Q

variables

A

things that can vary among the participants in the research

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6
Q

theory

A

aims to explain some phenomenon and allows researchers to generate testable hypotheses with the hope of collecting data that support the theory

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7
Q

operational definition

A

you explain how you will measure it

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8
Q

valid research

A

when it measures what the researcher set out to measure; it is accurate

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9
Q

reliable research

A

when something is replicated and the results are consistent

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10
Q

random selection

A

when every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected

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11
Q

stratified samplig

A

a process that allows a researcher to ensure that the sample represents the population on some criteria

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12
Q

laboratory expiriments

A

conducted in a lab, a highly controlled environment

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13
Q

field experiment

A

conducted out in the world

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14
Q

confounding variable

A

any difference between the experimental and control conditions, except for the independent variable, that might affect the dependent variable

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15
Q

assignment

A

the process by which participants are put into a group, experimental or control

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16
Q

random assignment

A

means that each participant has an equal change of being placed into any group

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17
Q

experimenter bias

A

the unconscious tendency for researchers to treat members of the experimental and control groups differently to increase the chance of confirming their hypothesis

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18
Q

double-blind procedure

A

occurs when neither the participants nor the researcher are able to affect the outcome of the research

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19
Q

single blind

A

occurs when only the participants do not know to which group they have been assigned

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20
Q

demand characteristics

A

cues about the purpose of the study

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21
Q

response or subject bias

A

the tendency for subjects to behave in certain ways

22
Q

social desirability

A

the tendency to try to give answers that reflect well upon them

23
Q

Hawthorne effect

A

the alteration of behavior by the subjects of a study due to their awareness of being observed

24
Q

placebo method

A

A remarkable phenomenon in which a placebo – a fake treatment, an inactive substance like sugar, distilled water, or saline solution – can sometimes improve a patient’s condition simply because the person has the expectation that it will be helpful

25
Q

counterbalancing

A

using participants as their own control group

26
Q

correlation

A

expresses a relationship between two variables without ascribing cause

27
Q

positive correlation

A

between two things means that the presence of one things predicts the presence of the other

28
Q

negative correlation

A

means that the presence of one things predicts the absence of the other

29
Q

survey method

A

involves asking people to fill out surveys

30
Q

naturalistic observation

A

observe participants i their natural habitats without interacting with them at all

31
Q

case study method

A

used to get a full, detailed picture of one participant or a small group of participants

32
Q

descriptive statistics

A

describe a set of data

33
Q

y-axis (vertical)

A

always represents frequency

34
Q

central tendency

A

attempt to mark the center of a distribution

35
Q

mean

A

average of the scores in a distribution

36
Q

median

A

the central score in the distribution

37
Q

positively skewed

A

when a distribution includes an extreme score

38
Q

negatively skewed

A

when the skew is cause by a particularly low score

39
Q

measures of variability

A

another type of statistical measures

40
Q

z scores

A

measure the distance of a score form the mean in units of standard deviation

41
Q

normal curve

A

a theoretical bell-shaped curve for which the area under the curve lying between any two z scores has been predetermined

42
Q

percentiles

A

indicate the distance of a score from 0

43
Q

correlation

A

measures the relationship between two variables

44
Q

correlation coefficients

A
  • range from 1 and +1 where -1 is a perfect, negative correlation and +1 is a perfect, positive correlation
45
Q

scatter plot

A

graphs pairs of values, one on the y-axis and one on the x-axis

46
Q

line of best fit, or regression line

A

the line drawn through the scatter plot that minimized the distance of all points from the line

47
Q

inferential statistics

A

used to determine whether or not findings can be applied to the larger population form which the sample was selected

48
Q

sampling error

A

the extent to which the sample differs from the population

49
Q

p value

A

gives the probability that the difference between the groups is due to chance

50
Q

anonymity

A

when the researchers do not collect any data that enable them to match a person’s responses with his or her name

51
Q

confidentiality

A

the researcher will not identify the source of any of the data

AP Psychology (68 decks)

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