Barron's: Chapter 10 - Personality

Question 1

Personality

Answer 1

• the unique attitudes, behaviors, and emotions that characterize a person

Question 2

Type A

Answer 2

• people tend to feel a sense of time pressure and are easily angered

Question 3

Type B

Answer 3

• people tend to be relaxed and easy going

Question 4

Stage theory

Answer 4

• ones in which development is thought to be discontinuous

Question 5

Freud’s psychosexual stage theory

Answer 5

• Freud’s structural model posits that personality consists of three interworking parts: the id, the ego, and the superego. The five stages of Freud’s psychosexual theory of development include the oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital stages.

Question 6

Oedipus crisis

Answer 6

• boys sexually desire their mothers and view their fathers as rivals or their mothers’ love

Question 7

Unconscious

Answer 7

• a reservoir of feelings, thoughts, urges, and memories that outside of our conscious awareness

Question 8

Id

Answer 8

• the unconscious and contains instincts and psychic energy

Question 9

Ego

Answer 9

• a person’s sense of self-esteem or self-importance

Question 10

Superego

Answer 10

• the part of a person’s mind that acts as a self-critical conscience, reflecting social standards learned from parents and teachers

Question 11

Defense mechanisms

Answer 11

• In order to deal with conflict and problems in life, Freud stated that the ego employs a range of defense mechanisms. Defense mechanisms operate at an unconscious level and help ward off unpleasant feelings (i.e. anxiety) or make good things feel better for the individual.

Question 12

Womb envy

Answer 12

• the psychoanalytic term used to describe an emotion, or sense of loss, that Freud hypothesized that a man might feel about his inability to bear a child. As you can see, Freud believed that each sex has some envy for the other - he believed women have Penis Envy and men have Womb Envy.

Question 13

Personal unconscious

Answer 13

• contains the painful or threatening memories and thoughts the person does not wish to confront

Question 14

Collective unconscious

Answer 14

• passed down through the species and explains certain similarities we see between cultures

Question 15

Complexes

Answer 15

• a related group of emotionally significant ideas that are completely or partly repressed and that cause psychic conflict leading to abnormal mental states or behavior

Question 16

Archetypes

Answer 16

• universal concepts we all share as part of the human species

Question 17

Trait theorist

Answer 17

• believe that we can describe people’s personalities by specifying their main characteristics or traits

Question 18

Big five traits

Answer 18

• extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, openness to experience, and emotional stability

Question 19

Factor analysis

Answer 19

• a statistical method used to describe variability among observed, correlated variables in terms of a potentially lower number of unobserved variables called factors

Question 20

Heritability

Answer 20

• a measure of the amount of variation in a trait in a given population that is due to genetics

Question 21

Temperament

Answer 21

• emotional style and characteristic way of dealing with the world

Question 22

Somatotype theory

Answer 22

• There are three basic human body types: the endomorph, characterized by a preponderance of body fat; the mesomorph, marked by a well-developed musculature; and the ectomorph, distinguished by a lack of much fat or muscle tissue.

Question 23

Triadic reciprocality or reciprocal determinism

Answer 23

• a term introduced by Albert Bandura to refer to the mutual influence between three sets of factors: personal factors (e.g., cognitive, affective and biological events), the environment, behavior

Question 24

Self-efficacy

Answer 24

• one’s belief in one’s ability to succeed in specific situations or accomplish a task

Question 25

Locus of control - internal and external

Answer 25

• A person with an internal locus of control believes that he or she can influence events and their outcomes, while someone with an external locus of control blames outside forces for everything

Question 26

Self-concept

Answer 26

• a person’s global feeling about himself or herself

Question 27

Self-esteem

Answer 27

• reflects a person’s overall subjective emotional evaluation of his or her own worth

Question 28

Self-actualization

Answer 28

• the realization or fulfillment of one’s talents and potentialities, especially considered as a drive or need present in everyone

Question 29

Unconditional positive regard

Answer 29

• a concept developed by the humanistic psychologist Carl Rogers, is the basic acceptance and support of a person regardless of what the person says or does, especially in the context of client-centered therapy

Question 30

Projective tests - Rorschach inkblot test, thematic aperception test (TAT)

Answer 30

• involve asking people to interpret ambiguous stimuli

Question 31

Self-report inventories - MMPI

Answer 31

• a type of psychological test in which a person fills out a survey or questionnaire with or without the help of an investigator. Self-report inventories often ask direct questions about personal interests, values, symptoms, behaviors, and traits or personality types

Question 32

Reliability

Answer 32

• refers to the consistency of a research study or measuring test

Question 33

Validity

Answer 33

• the extent to which a test measures what it is supposed to measure

Question 34

Barnum effect

Answer 34

• the tendency to accept certain information as true, such as character assessments or horoscopes, even when the information is so vague as to be worthless

Question 35

Sigmund Freud

Answer 35

• he was an Austrian neurologist and the founder of psychoanalysis, a clinical method for treating psychopathology through dialogue between a patient and a psychoanalyst

Question 36

Karen Horney

Answer 36

• she wrote two influential and controversial works, The Neurotic Personality of Our Time and New Ways in Psychoanalysis, which deviated sharply from Sigmund Freud’s work

Question 37

Nancy Chodorow

Answer 37

• she was a contemporary feminist psychologist and sociologist who has examined the mother-child relationship and applied feminist theories to traditional Freudian psychoanalysis. Much of her work has been used to develop the field of feminist psychoanalysis.

Question 38

Carl Jung

Answer 38

• he was a Swiss psychiatrist and psychoanalyst who founded analytical psychology

Question 39

Alfred Adler

Answer 39

• he was an Austrian medical doctor, psychotherapist, and founder of the school of individual psychology.

Question 40

Hans Eyesenck

Answer 40

• he is best remembered for his work on intelligence and personality, though he worked in a wide range of areas within psychology.

Question 41

Raymond Cattell

Answer 41

• he known for his psychometric research into intrapersonal psychological structure and his exploration of many areas within empirical psychology.

Question 42

Paul Costa

Answer 42

• he is an American psychologist associated with the Five Factor Model

Question 43

Robert McCrae

Answer 43

• he is associated with the Five Factor Theory of personality. He has spent his career studying the stability of personality across age and culture.

Question 44

Gordon Allport

Answer 44

• he was one of the first psychologists to focus on the study of the personality, and is often referred to as one of the founding figures of personality psychology.

Question 45

Hippocrates

Answer 45

• he was a Greek physician of the Age of Pericles, and is considered one of the most outstanding figures in the history of medicine.

Question 46

William Sheldon

Answer 46

• he was a Greek physician of the Age of Pericles, and is considered one of the most outstanding figures in the history of medicine.

Question 47

B. F. Skinner

Answer 47

• he was an American psychologist, behaviorist, author, inventor, and social philosopher

Question 48

Albert Bandura

Answer 48

• he is a contemporary psychologist specializing in developmental psychology and educational psychology. Much of his work centers around social learning theory

Question 49

George Kelly

Answer 49

• he is considered the father of cognitive clinical psychology and best known for his theory of personality, Personal Construct Psychology

Question 50

Julian Rotter

Answer 50

• he was an American psychologist known for developing influential theories, including social learning theory and locus of control.

Question 51

Abraham Maslow

Answer 51

• he was an American psychologist who was best known for creating Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, a theory of psychological health predicated on fulfilling innate human needs in priority, culminating in self-actualization.

Question 52

Carl Rogers

Answer 52

• was an American psychologist and among the founders of the humanistic approach to psychology.